New evidence of a sick, deprived population working under harsh conditions contradicts earlier images of wealth and abundance from the art records of the ancient Egyptian city of Tell el-Amarna, a study has found.

Tell el-Amarna was the capital of ancient Egypt during the reign¹ of the pharaoh Akhenaten, who abandoned most of Egypt's old gods in favor of the Aten sun disk and brought in a new and more expressive² style of art.

Akhenaten, who ruled Egypt between 1379 and 1362 BC, built and lived in Tell el-Amarna in central Egypt for 15 years. The city was largely abandoned shortly after his death and the ascendance of the famous boy king Tutankhamun to the throne.

Studies on the remains³ of ordinary ancient Egyptians in a cemetery⁴ in Tell el-Amarna showed that many of them suffered from anemia⁵, fractured bones, stunted⁶ growth and high juvenile⁷ mortality rates, according to professors Barry Kemp and Jerome Rose, who led the research.

Rose, a professor of anthropology⁸ in the University of Arkansas in the United States, said adults buried in the cemetery were probably brought there from other parts of Egypt.

"This means that we have a period of deprivation⁹ in Egypt prior to the Amarna phase," he said.

"So maybe things were not so good for the average Egyptian and maybe Akhenaten said we have to change to make things better," he said.

Kemp, director of the Amarna Project which seeks in part to increase public knowledge of Tell el-Amarna and surrounding region, said little attention has been given to the cemeteries¹⁰ of ordinary ancient Egyptians.

Rose displayed pictures showing spinal¹¹ injuries among teenagers, probably because of accidents during construction work to build the city.

The study showed that anemia ran at 74 percent among children and teenagers, and at 44 percent among adults, Rose said. The average height of men was 159 cm (5 feet 2 inches) and 153 cm among women.

"Adult heights are used as a proxy¹² for overall standard of living," he said. "Short statures reflect a diet deficient¹³ in protein. ... People were not growing to their full potential."