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英国建筑艺术
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  • Although very little remains1 of the domestic buildings of Britain's prehistoric2 peoples, their graves, religious monuments and defensive3 structures can be seen throughout the islands.

    Long barrows and chambered tombs, dated around 3000 BC were collective burial places. The round barrows which followed them in the second millennium4 BC were for individual burial.

    Stone circles such as those at Avebury, Stonehenge, and Callanish date from around the same time as the round barrows but are often built on earlier timber monuments.

    Causewayed camps, such as Windmill Hill date from the time of the long barrows. The hill forts of Cadbury Castle and Maiden5 Castle were built in the first millennium BC and lasted until the Roman invasion.

    The invading Romans brought with them a wholly different lifestyle and the architecture which supported it. Towns such as Canterbury, Colchester, Lincoln, London and York included public buildings such as basilicas (law courts), baths and theatres. The most famous example of Roman military architecture is Hadrian's Wall, marking the frontier between Roman Britain and Scotland. The Roman Villa6, generally a large and well-appointed building at the centre of a substantial estate was another major introduction to Britain. The largest, such as the "palace" at Fishbourne in West Sussex, had beautiful mosaic7 floors, their own bathhouses and central heating.

    The "Dark Ages" after the decline of Roman Britain led eventually to a Christian8 Britain whose architectural remains include Celtic crosses and Saxon churches.

    The Norman invasion brought a distinctive9 style of architecture seen in cathedrals such as Durham, Southwell and Winchester and in many castles such as Durham, London's White Tower and Newcastle.

    In church architecture the Norman style developed during the Middle Ages, into Gothic, e.g, Lincoln Cathedral and then Perpendicular10.

    From the Tudor period the most significant building still remaining is Hampton Court Palace. Hardwick Hall, Longleat and Burghley House show how the wealthy and powerful were now, in more settled times, building great homes for themselves, rather than military strongholds and castles.

    A major change came when James I commissioned Inigo Jones to build the Queens House in Greenwich. The restoration of the monarchy11 in 1660 brought one of the greatest periods of English architecture, dominated by Sir Christopher Wren12. The Great Fire of London in 1666 gave Wren enormous scope for new work of which the most famous is St Paul's Cathedral.

    During the Georgian period classical architectural styles became dominant13. Landscaping became fashionable with Capability14 Brown and Humphrey Repton's design for Chatsworth, Blenheim and Stowe among the finest. Bath is one of the best examples of Georgian urban design.

    Of the great houses, Chiswick House, built for Lord Burlington who had been impressed by Palladio's architecture during a visit to Italy, was particularly influential15.

    Victorian Britain saw completely new types of architecture: railway stations, town halls, factories and glass houses (Kew Gardens)

    Two influential movements at the end of the Victorian age and in the early twentieth century were Arts and Crafts and Art Nouveau.

    Arts and Craft inspired by William Morris was a return to simplicity16 and is probably best known through the country houses of Sir Edwin Lutyens.

    Art Nouveau was more influential in Europe than the UK, but Glasgow's Charles Rennie Mackintosh was a significant designer and architect in this style.

    After the First World War one of the major influences on architecture was the Modern Movement. Its followers17 drew their inspiration from the USA and its skyscrapers18 and industrial buildings and, particularly, from Le Corbusier.

    During the 1950s and 60s much inner city housing was torn down in slum clearance19 programmes and replaced by high-rise tower blocks. These failed as family housing and many, in their turn, were pulled down in the eighties and nineties.

    Current architecture is characterized by the dramatic shapes and structures made possible by modern materials and computerized structural20 design. Sir Richard Roger's Lloyd's Building and Sir Norman Foster's Stanstead Airport and Air Force Museum are excellent examples.

     11级    英文科普 


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    1 remains [rɪˈmeɪnz] 1kMzTy   第7级
    n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
    参考例句:
    • He ate the remains of food hungrily. 他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
    • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog. 残羹剩饭喂狗了。
    2 prehistoric [ˌpri:hɪˈstɒrɪk] sPVxQ   第8级
    adj.(有记载的)历史以前的,史前的,古老的
    参考例句:
    • They have found prehistoric remains. 他们发现了史前遗迹。
    • It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment. 这儿倒像是在展览古老的电子设备。
    3 defensive [dɪˈfensɪv] buszxy   第9级
    adj.防御的;防卫的;防守的
    参考例句:
    • Their questions about the money put her on the defensive. 他们问到钱的问题,使她警觉起来。
    • The Government hastily organized defensive measures against the raids. 政府急忙布置了防卫措施抵御空袭。
    4 millennium [mɪˈleniəm] x7DzO   第9级
    n.一千年,千禧年;太平盛世
    参考例句:
    • The whole world was counting down to the new millennium. 全世界都在倒计时迎接新千年的到来。
    • We waited as the clock ticked away the last few seconds of the old millennium. 我们静候着时钟滴答走过千年的最后几秒钟。
    5 maiden [ˈmeɪdn] yRpz7   第7级
    n.少女,处女;adj.未婚的,纯洁的,无经验的
    参考例句:
    • The prince fell in love with a fair young maiden. 王子爱上了一位年轻美丽的少女。
    • The aircraft makes its maiden flight tomorrow. 这架飞机明天首航。
    6 villa [ˈvɪlə] xHayI   第8级
    n.别墅,城郊小屋
    参考例句:
    • We rented a villa in France for the summer holidays. 我们在法国租了一幢别墅消夏。
    • We are quartered in a beautiful villa. 我们住在一栋漂亮的别墅里。
    7 mosaic [məʊˈzeɪɪk] CEExS   第7级
    n./adj.镶嵌细工的,镶嵌工艺品的,嵌花式的
    参考例句:
    • The sky this morning is a mosaic of blue and white. 今天早上的天空是幅蓝白相间的画面。
    • The image mosaic is a troublesome work. 图象镶嵌是个麻烦的工作。
    8 Christian [ˈkrɪstʃən] KVByl   第7级
    adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒
    参考例句:
    • They always addressed each other by their Christian name. 他们总是以教名互相称呼。
    • His mother is a sincere Christian. 他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。
    9 distinctive [dɪˈstɪŋktɪv] Es5xr   第8级
    adj.特别的,有特色的,与众不同的
    参考例句:
    • She has a very distinctive way of walking. 她走路的样子与别人很不相同。
    • This bird has several distinctive features. 这个鸟具有几种突出的特征。
    10 perpendicular [ˌpɜ:pənˈdɪkjələ(r)] GApy0   第8级
    adj.垂直的,直立的;n.垂直线,垂直的位置
    参考例句:
    • The two lines of bones are set perpendicular to one another. 这两排骨头相互垂直。
    • The wall is out of the perpendicular. 这墙有些倾斜。
    11 monarchy [ˈmɒnəki] e6Azi   第9级
    n.君主,最高统治者;君主政体,君主国
    参考例句:
    • The monarchy in England plays an important role in British culture. 英格兰的君主政体在英国文化中起重要作用。
    • The power of the monarchy in Britain today is more symbolical than real. 今日英国君主的权力多为象征性的,无甚实际意义。
    12 wren [ren] veCzKb   第12级
    n.鹪鹩;英国皇家海军女子服务队成员
    参考例句:
    • A wren is a kind of short-winged songbird. 鹪鹩是一种短翼的鸣禽。
    • My bird guide confirmed that a Carolina wren had discovered the thickets near my house. 我掌握的鸟类知识使我确信,一只卡罗莱纳州鹪鹩已经发现了我家的这个灌木丛。
    13 dominant [ˈdɒmɪnənt] usAxG   第7级
    adj.支配的,统治的;占优势的;显性的;n.主因,要素,主要的人(或物);显性基因
    参考例句:
    • The British were formerly dominant in India. 英国人从前统治印度。
    • She was a dominant figure in the French film industry. 她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。
    14 capability [ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti] JsGzZ   第7级
    n.能力;才能;(pl)可发展的能力或特性等
    参考例句:
    • She has the capability to become a very fine actress. 她有潜力成为杰出演员。
    • Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability. 组织整个部门是他能力以外的事。
    15 influential [ˌɪnfluˈenʃl] l7oxK   第7级
    adj.有影响的,有权势的
    参考例句:
    • He always tries to get in with the most influential people. 他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
    • He is a very influential man in the government. 他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。
    16 simplicity [sɪmˈplɪsəti] Vryyv   第7级
    n.简单,简易;朴素;直率,单纯
    参考例句:
    • She dressed with elegant simplicity. 她穿着朴素高雅。
    • The beauty of this plan is its simplicity. 简明扼要是这个计划的一大特点。
    17 followers ['fɔ:ləʊəz] 5c342ee9ce1bf07932a1f66af2be7652   第7级
    追随者( follower的名词复数 ); 用户; 契据的附面; 从动件
    参考例句:
    • the followers of Mahatma Gandhi 圣雄甘地的拥护者
    • The reformer soon gathered a band of followers round him. 改革者很快就获得一群追随者支持他。
    18 skyscrapers ['skaɪˌskreɪpəz] f4158331c4e067c9706b451516137890   第7级
    n.摩天大楼
    参考例句:
    • A lot of skyscrapers in Manhattan are rising up to the skies. 曼哈顿有许多摩天大楼耸入云霄。
    • On all sides, skyscrapers rose like jagged teeth. 四周耸起的摩天大楼参差不齐。
    19 clearance [ˈklɪərəns] swFzGa   第7级
    n.净空;许可(证);清算;清除,清理
    参考例句:
    • There was a clearance of only ten centimetres between the two walls. 两堵墙之间只有十厘米的空隙。
    • The ship sailed as soon as it got clearance. 那艘船一办好离港手续立刻启航了。
    20 structural [ˈstrʌktʃərəl] itXw5   第8级
    adj.构造的,组织的,建筑(用)的
    参考例句:
    • The storm caused no structural damage. 风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
    • The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities. 北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。

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