Xiang Yu Heard the Folk Songs of the Chu State on All Sides
四面楚歌
When Xiang Yu,the Sovereign of the Chu State,camped his defeated troops in Gaixia,he suffered from a shortage of forces and food. And the troops of Liu Bang,the King of the Han State,and of the dukes rounded up Xiang Yu's troops in tight rings. At night,Xiang Yu heard the folk songs of Chu on all sides. Terribly shocked,he murmured,“Has Han troops occupied all the lands of Chin" Now when one is said to hear the Chu Songs on all sides,it refers to an endangered situation,or a state of being utterly1 isolated2.
项羽和刘邦原来约定以鸿沟(在今河南荣县境贾鲁河)东西边作为界限,互不侵犯。后来刘邦听从张良和陈平的规劝,觉得应该趁项羽衰弱的时候消灭他,就又和韩信、彭越、刘贾会合兵力追击正在向东开往彭城(即今江苏徐州)的项羽部队。刘邦终于布置了几层兵力,把项羽紧紧围在坟下(在今安徽灵璧县东南)时,项羽手下的兵士已经很少,粮食又没有了。夜里听见四面围住他的军队都唱起楚地的民歌,不禁非常吃惊地说:“刘邦已经得到了禁地了吗?为什么他的部队里面楚人这么多呢?”说着,心里已丧失了斗志,便从床上爬起来,在营帐里面喝酒,并和他最宠爱的妃子虞姬一同唱歌。唱完,直掉眼泪。在一旁的人也非常难过,都觉得抬不起头来。虞姬自勿」于项羽的马前,项羽英雄末路,带了仅剩兵卒至乌江,最终自勿}J于江边。因为这个故事里面有项羽听见四周唱起楚歌,感觉吃惊,接看又失败自杀的情节,所以以后的人就用“四面楚歌”这句话,形容人们遭受各方面攻击或逼迫的客观环境,而致陷于孤立窘迫的境地。