Men who have low resistance to psychological stress at age 18 may face considerably¹ higher risk for type 2 diabetes² in adulthood³ compared to those better able to handle stress, according to new research.

最新一项调查显示，与那些擅长处理压力情绪的人群相比，那些年龄在18岁上下且不擅长应对心理压力的人们更容易在成年后患有2型糖尿病。

"Other studies have found that stressful life experiences in mid-adulthood are linked with a higher risk of developing diabetes," said lead author Dr. Casey Crump of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York.

纽约西奈山医学院的首席作者凯西·克伦普医生表示，“一些研究表明：若人在中年曾经历过压力较大的时期，那么其患有糖尿病的风险也较大。”

But none have looked at whether responses to stress at a young age predict risk of diabetes much later in life, Crump and his colleagues write in Diabetologia.

克伦普与其同事在糖尿病学杂志中提到：从未有人探索过一个人在青年时期对压力的反应和处理态度是否与其人生后期患有糖尿病的风险大小有关。

"Stress resilience refers to the ability to properly adapt to or cope with stress and adversity," Crump, who was at Stanford University in California when he worked on the study, told Reuters Health by email. "Low resistance to stress (or low stress resilience) means difficulty coping with or rebounding⁴ from adversity."

克伦普曾在美国加州斯坦福大学进行这项研究，期间他向路透健康新闻专栏写了一封邮件，上面写道：“抗压能力指一种能够正确应对压力以及挫折的能力，抗压能力较弱则意味着遭受挫折后重新振作走出逆境的自我调节能力较差。”

The study team analyzed⁵ data on more than 1 million 18-year-old men who were conscripted into military service in Sweden between 1969 and 1997, when service was compulsory⁶.

该研究团队对一百多万名18岁少年的数据进行了分析。这些少年都曾在1969至1997年间在瑞典应征入伍，那段时期仍实行义务兵役制度。

The young men did not have diabetes at age 18 and all underwent standard psychological assessments⁷ of their stress resistance. In a 20 to 30 minute interview, a psychologist asked each man about adjustment problems and conflicts, successes, responsibilities taken on and initiatives shown or experienced in school, work, home or in leisure activities.

这些年轻人在18岁期间并未患有糖尿病，并且都曾进行过对自身抗压能力的标准性心理评估。在短短二十到三十分钟的采访中，心理学家对这些人在学校、工作、家庭以及一些娱乐活动领域中存在的适应性问题、矛盾、取得的成功，肩负的责任以及展现的积极性等方面进行了相关询问。

Crump’s team matched the participants to their later medical records to see who received an outpatient or inpatient diagnosis⁸ of diabetes between 1987 and 2012. About 34,000 of the men were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

克伦普团队将这些参与采访的人与其自身后来的病历记录进行了比对，并检验是否有人曾在1987至2012年间咨询过糖尿病门诊或被诊断患有糖尿病。

After accounting⁹ for body weight, family history of diabetes and individual and neighborhood socioeconomic factors, the researchers found that men with low stress resilience - that is, with a score between one and three on a nine-point scale - were 51 percent more likely to have a diabetes diagnosis than those with the highest scores, between seven and nine.

在对这些人的体重、家族病史、个人以及社区的社会经济因素进行考量后，研究人员发现那些抗压能力较低，也就是得分在1到3分之间（满分是9分，1分代表抗压能力最低，9分代表抗压能力最高）的人，有51%的机率比那些得分在7到9分之间的人更容易患有糖尿病。

"Both the amount of stress and stress resilience may have important health effects," Crump said. "Common sources of stress include relationship, family, school, and workplace problems or worries."

“压力大小以及抗压能力都可能产生重大的健康效应，”克伦普说道，“生活中压力通常来源于关系、家庭、学校、工作等领域的问题或烦恼。”

People who experience a lot of stress or have trouble resisting it may react with unhealthy behaviors like poor eating habits, little physical activity and smoking or heavier alcohol use, he said.

克伦普表示，那些经历过重大压力或者缺乏抗压能力的人可能会逐渐形成不健康的生活方式，例如不规律的饮食习惯，缺乏体育运动，吸烟酗酒等等。

"Other stress-related physiologic¹⁰ changes may also be involved, such as higher levels of (the stress hormone) cortisol which can contribute to insulin resistance and diabetes," he said.

克伦普还表示，除此之外，还有可能产生一系列与压力相关的心理变化，比如：较高水平的皮质醇（压力激素），有助于产生抗胰岛素性，并引发糖尿病。

"If you have low stress resilience, even some everyday experiences can be stressful," said Dr. Cecilia Bergh of Orebro University in Sweden, who was not part of the new study. "Very high levels of stress, such as being in a war zone, are damagingly stressful for almost everybody, even among those with high stress resilience," Bergh told Reuters Health by email.

瑞典奥莱布鲁医科大学的塞西莉亚·马瑞医生虽未参与此项新研究，但他表示，“如果你的抗压能力较低，那么日常生活中一些琐碎的事情在你看来也可能让你倍感压力。”与此同时，马瑞医生向路透健康新闻专栏发邮件提到，“然而，诸如上战场打仗这种事情对于每个人来说都属于高压事件，即使是对于那些抗压能力较强的人来说也是如此。”

The general public, and especially those who are overweight or have a family history of diabetes, should know that stress management is an important part of maintaining long-term health and preventing diabetes, Crump said.

克伦普表示：普通大众，尤其是那些超重或有糖尿病家族病史的人应该明白，抗压处理对于保持长期健康以及预防糖尿病来说非常重要。