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减肥后体重反弹 不是你的错
添加时间:2016-05-07 09:07:28 浏览次数: 作者:未知
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  • Danny Cahill stood, slightly dazed, in a blizzard1 of confetti as the audience screamed and his family ran on stage. He had won Season 8 of NBC’s reality television show “The Biggest Loser,” shedding more weight than anyone ever had on the program — an astonishing 239 pounds in seven months.

    丹尼·卡希尔(Danny Cahill)站在漫天的五彩纸屑中,微微有点懵,观众们在尖叫,他的家人飞奔上台。他获得了NBC频道电视真人秀节目《超级减肥王》(The Biggest Loser)第8季的冠军,在七个月时间里惊人地减掉了239磅(约217斤),超过了节目的其他所有参与者。

    When he got on the scale for all to see that evening, Dec. 8, 2009, he weighed just 191 pounds, down from 430. Dressed in a T-shirt and knee-length shorts, he was lean, athletic2 and as handsome as a model.

    2009年12月8日的那个晚上,他上秤让所有人看到,他从430磅(约390斤)减到了191磅(约173斤)。当时,他穿着T恤和及膝短裤,看起来精瘦强壮,和模特一样帅。

    “I’ve got my life back,” he declared. “I mean, I feel like a million bucks3.”

    “我重新找回了生活,”他宣称,“我感觉好极了。”

    Cahill left the show’s stage in Hollywood and flew directly to New York to start a triumphal tour of the talk shows, chatting with Jay Leno, Regis Philbin and Joy Behar. As he heard from fans all over the world, his elation4 knew no bounds.

    卡希尔离开好莱坞那个节目的舞台,直接飞到纽约,开始进行一系列胜利者的脱口秀,接受杰·雷诺(Jay Leno)、里吉斯·菲尔宾(Regis Philbin)和乔伊·贝哈尔(Joy Behar)的采访。他收到世界各地粉丝们的来信,得意无比。

    But in the years since, more than 100 pounds have crept back onto his 5-foot-11 frame despite his best efforts. In fact, most of that season’s 16 contestants5 have regained7 much if not all the weight they lost so arduously8. Some are even heavier now.

    然而在那之后,虽然尽了最大努力,身高5英尺11英寸(约1.8米)的他还是慢慢长了逾100磅(约90斤)。实际上,那一季的16名参赛者辛苦减掉体重之后,多数人有反弹,哪怕不是完全长回了减掉的体重。有些人的体重甚至超过了上节目前。

    Yet their experiences, while a bitter personal disappointment, have been a gift to science. A study of Season 8’s contestants has yielded surprising new discoveries about the physiology9 of obesity10 that help explain why so many people struggle unsuccessfully to keep off the weight they lose.

    这些经历对他们个人来说虽然意味着苦涩的失望,但对科学来说,却是天赐良机。对第8季参赛者的研究得出了令人惊讶的新发现,让我们更了解肥胖的生理机能,并有助于解释为什么那么多人减肥之后无法保持。

    Kevin Hall, a scientist at a federal research center who admits to a weakness for reality TV, had the idea to follow the “Biggest Loser” contestants for six years after that victorious11 night. The project was the first to measure what happened to people over as long as six years after they had lost large amounts of weight with intensive dieting and exercise.

    凯文·霍尔(Kevin Hall)是一家联邦研究中心的科学家,他承认自己酷爱电视真人秀。在卡希尔获胜之后,他产生了一个想法:跟踪研究《超级减肥王》的参赛者六年。人们在通过高强度饮食控制和锻炼实现大幅减轻体重之后,接下来长达六年的时间里会怎么样,这是第一个针对该问题的跟踪研究。

    The results, the researchers said, were stunning12. They showed just how hard the body fights back against weight loss.

    研究者说,结果令人震惊。结果表明,身体对体重减轻的反抗非常强烈。

    “It is frightening and amazing,” said Hall, an expert on metabolism13 at the National Institute of Diabetes14 and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, which is part of the National Institutes of Health. “I am just blown away.”

    “这令人恐惧和惊讶,”霍尔说。他是国家卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)下属的国家糖尿病、消化系统疾病和肾病研究所(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)的新陈代谢专家。“这令我大为震惊。”

    It has to do with resting metabolism, which determines how many calories a person burns when at rest. When the show began, the contestants, though hugely overweight, had normal metabolisms15 for their size, meaning they were burning a normal number of calories for people of their weight. When it ended, their metabolisms had slowed radically16 and their bodies were not burning enough calories to maintain their thinner sizes.

    这与静止代谢有关,也就是一个人在静止状态下消耗的热量。节目开始时,参赛者虽然严重超重,但是新陈代谢水平对他们的身材来讲是正常的,也就是说,他们静止时燃烧的热量对于他们那个体重的人来说,属于正常值。节目结束时,他们的新陈代谢急剧减缓,他们的身体没有消耗足够多的热量来保持较瘦的体型。

    Researchers knew that just about anyone who deliberately17 loses weight — even if they start at a normal weight or even underweight — will have a slower metabolism when the diet ends. So they were not surprised to see that “The Biggest Loser” contestants had slow metabolisms when the show ended.

    研究者已经知道,任何故意减轻体重的人——即使他们本来是正常体重或者体重偏低——在节食结束时,新陈代谢都会变慢。所以,他们对《超级减肥王》的参赛者在节目结束时新陈代谢减缓并不感到意外。

    What shocked the researchers was what happened next: As the years went by and the numbers on the scale climbed, the contestants’ metabolisms did not recover. They became even slower, and the pounds kept piling on. It was as if their bodies were intensifying18 their effort to pull the contestants back to their original weight.

    令研究者们感到吃惊的是之后发生的事:随着时间流逝,体重增加,参赛者的新陈代谢水平没有恢复,甚至变得更慢了,于是体重也继续增加。好像他们的身体在努力让他们恢复到原来的体重。

    Cahill was one of the worst off. As he regained more than 100 pounds, his metabolism slowed so much that, just to maintain his current weight of 295 pounds, he now has to eat 800 calories a day less than a typical man his size. Anything more turns to fat.

    卡希尔是情况最糟的一个。他的体重增加了逾100磅,新陈代谢变得非常缓慢,以至于为了维持目前295磅的体重,他每天不得不比这个体重的普通人少摄入800卡路里。多吃一口都长肉。

    The struggles the contestants went through help explain why it has been so hard to make headway against the nation’s obesity problem, which afflicts19 more than a third of American adults. Despite spending billions of dollars on weight-loss drugs and dieting programs, even the most motivated are working against their own biology.

    这些参赛者所经历的困难有助于解释为什么美国的肥胖问题很难取得进展。超过三分之一的美国成年人有肥胖问题。数十亿美元被花在减肥药和减肥项目上面,但是连最积极的减肥者也是在与自身的生物机制对抗。

    Their experience shows that the body will fight back for years. And that, said Dr. Michael Schwartz, an obesity and diabetes researcher who is a professor of medicine at the University of Washington, is “new and important.”

    他们的经验表明,身体会反抗很多年。肥胖和糖尿病研究者、华盛顿大学(University of Washington)医学教授迈克尔·施瓦茨博士(Michael Schwartz)说,这一点是“新发现,也很重要”。

    “The key point is that you can be on TV, you can lose enormous amounts of weight, you can go on for six years, but you can’t get away from a basic biological reality,” said Schwartz, who was not involved in the study. “As long as you are below your initial weight, your body is going to try to get you back.”

    “重点是,你能上电视,你能把体重减轻很多,你能坚持六年,但你无法摆脱基本的生物学事实,”施瓦茨说。他没有参与这项研究。“只要低于原来的体重,你的身体就会努力让你恢复。”

    The study’s findings, to be published on Monday in the journal Obesity, are part of a scientific push to answer some of the most fundamental questions about obesity. Researchers are figuring out why being fat makes so many people develop diabetes and other medical conditions, and they are searching for new ways to block the poison in fat. They are starting to unravel20 the reasons bariatric surgery allows most people to lose significant amounts of weight when dieting so often fails. And they are looking afresh at medical care for obese21 people.

    这项研究的结果将于周一发表在《肥胖》杂志(Obesity)上。它是为回答一些最基本的肥胖问题而进行的科学研究的一部分。研究者们正在努力弄清为什么肥胖让这么多人患上糖尿病或出现其他健康问题,他们也在寻找阻断脂肪中有害物质的新方法。他们开始揭示,为什么肥胖手术能让大部分人体重减轻很多而节食却经常失败。他们还在重新审视对超重者的医疗护理。

    The hope is that this work will eventually lead to new therapies that treat obesity as a chronic22 disease and can help keep weight under control for life.

    他们希望,这项工作将最终让我们找到新的治疗方法,把肥胖作为一种慢性病加以治疗,并且终生控制体重。

    Most people who have tried to lose weight know how hard it is to keep the weight off, but many blame themselves when the pounds come back. But what obesity research has consistently shown is that dieters are at the mercy of their own bodies, which muster23 hormones24 and an altered metabolic25 rate to pull them back to their old weights, whether that is hundreds of pounds more or that extra 10 or 15 that many people are trying to keep off.

    大部分试过减肥的人都知道保持减轻后的体重有多难,但是很多人在体重又增加时会怪自己。但是,肥胖研究一再表明,节食者受制于自己的身体,它通过调节激素和代谢率,让他们恢复原来的体重,不管是几百磅,还是很多人想努力避免长回去的那10磅或15磅。

    There is always a weight a person’s body maintains without any effort. And while it is not known why that weight can change over the years — it may be an effect of aging — at any point, there is a weight that is easy to maintain, and that is the weight the body fights to defend. Finding a way to thwart26 these mechanisms27 is the goal scientists are striving for. First, though, they are trying to understand them in greater detail.

    每个人都有一个不必费力就能维持的体重。虽然不知道这个数字为什么会随着时间发生变化——可能是年龄增长的结果——但是在任何一个时间点,总有一个容易保持的体重,那也就是身体努力保卫的体重。找到对抗这一机制的方法是科学家努力追求的目标。不过,他们首先要努力了解更多细节。

    Dr. David Ludwig, the director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center at Boston Children’s Hospital, who was not involved in the research, said the findings showed the need for new approaches to weight control. He cautioned that the study was limited by its small size and the lack of a control group of obese people who did not lose weight. But, he added, the findings made sense.

    波士顿儿童医院(Boston Children’s Hospital)新平衡基金会肥胖预防中心(New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center)的主管大卫·路德维希博士(David Ludwig)说,这些发现表明,需要寻找控制体重的新方法。他没有参与这项研究。他提醒说,这项研究的局限性在于规模小,没有对照组,也就是没有一组未参加减肥的肥胖者。不过,他补充说,这些发现说得通。

    “This is a subset of the most successful” dieters, he said. “If they don’t show a return to normal in metabolism, what hope is there for the rest of us?”

    他说,“他们是最成功的”减肥者,“如果他们的新陈代谢水平没有恢复正常,我们剩下这些人还有什么希望呢”。

    Still, he added, “that shouldn’t be interpreted to mean we are doomed28 to battle our biology or remain fat. It means we need to explore other approaches.”

    不过,他补充说,“这不应该被理解为,我们注定要对抗自身的生物机制,或者就只能继续肥胖。而应该被理解为,我们需要探索其他方法。”

    All this does not mean that modest weight loss is hopeless, experts say. Individuals respond differently to diet manipulations — low-carbohydrate or low-calorie diets, for example — and to exercise and weight-loss drugs, among other interventions29.

    专家们说,所有这些并不意味着适度减肥毫无希望。每个人对饮食控制(比如低碳水化合物或低热量饮食)以及锻炼和减肥药物等各种干预的反应是不同的。

    But Ludwig said that simply cutting calories was not the answer. “There are no doubt exceptional individuals who can ignore primal30 biological signals and maintain weight loss for the long term by restricting calories,” he said, but he added that “for most people, the combination of incessant31 hunger and slowing metabolism is a recipe for weight regain6 — explaining why so few individuals can maintain weight loss for more than a few months.”

    不过,路德维希说,仅仅减少热量摄入不是问题的答案。他说,“毫无疑问,有些例外的人能够不理会基本的生物信号,通过控制热量摄入长期保持体重减轻”,但是,“对大部分人来说,无休止的饥饿感和不断放缓的代谢加在一起,会导致体重重新增加,这就能解释为什么很少有人能保持体重减轻超过几个月”。

    Cahill knows that now. And with his report from Hall’s group showing just how much his metabolism had slowed, he stopped blaming himself for his weight gain.

    卡希尔现在知道了。霍尔团队关于他的报告表明,他的代谢减缓了很多,所以他不再因为体重增加而责怪自己了。

    “That shame that was on my shoulders went off,” he said.

    “我背负的羞耻感消失了,”他说。

     11级    双语 


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    1 blizzard [ˈblɪzəd] 0Rgyc   第10级
    n.暴风雪
    参考例句:
    • The blizzard struck while we were still on the mountain. 我们还在山上的时候暴风雪就袭来了。
    • You'll have to stay here until the blizzard blows itself off. 你得等暴风雪停了再走。
    2 athletic [æθˈletɪk] sOPy8   第7级
    adj.擅长运动的,强健的;活跃的,体格健壮的
    参考例句:
    • This area has been marked off for athletic practice. 这块地方被划出来供体育训练之用。
    • He is an athletic star. 他是一个运动明星。
    3 bucks [bʌks] a391832ce78ebbcfc3ed483cc6d17634   第8级
    n.雄鹿( buck的名词复数 );钱;(英国十九世纪初的)花花公子;(用于某些表达方式)责任v.(马等)猛然弓背跃起( buck的第三人称单数 );抵制;猛然震荡;马等尥起后蹄跳跃
    参考例句:
    • They cost ten bucks. 这些值十元钱。
    • They are hunting for bucks. 他们正在猎雄兔。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    4 elation [iˈleɪʃn] 0q9x7   第11级
    n.兴高采烈,洋洋得意
    参考例句:
    • She showed her elation at having finally achieved her ambition. 最终实现了抱负,她显得十分高兴。
    • His supporters have reacted to the news with elation. 他的支持者听到那条消息后兴高采烈。
    5 contestants [kənˈtestənts] 6183e6ae4586949fe63bec42c8d3a422   第10级
    n.竞争者,参赛者( contestant的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • The competition attracted over 500 contestants representing 8 different countries. 这次比赛吸引了代表8个不同国家的500多名参赛者。
    • Two candidates are emerging as contestants for the presidency. 两位候选人最终成为总统职位竞争者。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    6 regain [rɪˈgeɪn] YkYzPd   第8级
    vt.重新获得,收复,恢复
    参考例句:
    • He is making a bid to regain his World No.1 ranking. 他正为重登世界排名第一位而努力。
    • The government is desperate to regain credibility with the public. 政府急于重新获取公众的信任。
    7 regained [ri:ˈgeɪnd] 51ada49e953b830c8bd8fddd6bcd03aa   第8级
    复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 ); 赢回; 重回; 复至某地
    参考例句:
    • The majority of the people in the world have regained their liberty. 世界上大多数人已重获自由。
    • She hesitated briefly but quickly regained her poise. 她犹豫片刻,但很快恢复了镇静。
    8 arduously ['ɑ:dʒʊəslɪ] f741a1d4f4ccf3a7e3243e32a3960cf7   第9级
    adv.费力地,严酷地
    参考例句:
    • He arduously and soon began to play in local bands. 他拼命学习弹奏,很快就加入了当地的一个乐队。 来自互联网
    • It was borderline unorthodox and arduously time-consuming, but the Yankees could handle that given their reward. 这是很难以决定和艰钜的时刻,但是洋基队仍然能维持局面。 来自互联网
    9 physiology [ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi] uAfyL   第8级
    n.生理学,生理机能
    参考例句:
    • He bought a book about physiology. 他买了一本生理学方面的书。
    • He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology. 他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。
    10 obesity [əʊ'bi:sətɪ] Dv1ya   第8级
    n.肥胖,肥大
    参考例句:
    • One effect of overeating may be obesity. 吃得过多能导致肥胖。
    • Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity than some other foods. 糖和脂肪比其他食物更容易导致肥胖。
    11 victorious [vɪkˈtɔ:riəs] hhjwv   第7级
    adj.胜利的,得胜的
    参考例句:
    • We are certain to be victorious. 我们定会胜利。
    • The victorious army returned in triumph. 获胜的部队凯旋而归。
    12 stunning [ˈstʌnɪŋ] NhGzDh   第10级
    adj.极好的;使人晕倒的
    参考例句:
    • His plays are distinguished only by their stunning mediocrity. 他的戏剧与众不同之处就是平凡得出奇。
    • The finished effect was absolutely stunning. 完工后的效果非常美。
    13 metabolism [məˈtæbəlɪzəm] 171zC   第8级
    n.新陈代谢
    参考例句:
    • After years of dieting, Carol's metabolism was completely out of whack. 经过数年的节食,卡罗尔的新陈代谢完全紊乱了。
    • All living matter undergoes a process of metabolism. 生物都有新陈代谢。
    14 diabetes [ˌdaɪəˈbi:ti:z] uPnzu   第9级
    n.糖尿病
    参考例句:
    • In case of diabetes, physicians advise against the use of sugar. 对于糖尿病患者,医生告诫他们不要吃糖。
    • Diabetes is caused by a fault in the insulin production of the body. 糖尿病是由体內胰岛素分泌失调引起的。
    15 metabolisms ['mɪtæbəlɪzəmz] fef5637ca3ae7cdc1a11a48aef5a9487   第8级
    n.新陈代谢( metabolism的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • Garden snails are evolving slower metabolisms. 花园蜗牛新陈代谢进化缓慢。 来自互联网
    • Elite swimmers tend to be born with certain advantages, such as superefficient metabolisms. 精华的游泳者趋于与某个优点出生,例如superefficient新陈代谢。 来自互联网
    16 radically ['rædikəli] ITQxu   第7级
    ad.根本地,本质地
    参考例句:
    • I think we may have to rethink our policies fairly radically. 我认为我们可能要对我们的政策进行根本的反思。
    • The health service must be radically reformed. 公共医疗卫生服务必须进行彻底改革。
    17 deliberately [dɪˈlɪbərətli] Gulzvq   第7级
    adv.审慎地;蓄意地;故意地
    参考例句:
    • The girl gave the show away deliberately. 女孩故意泄露秘密。
    • They deliberately shifted off the argument. 他们故意回避这个论点。
    18 intensifying [ɪn'tensɪfaɪɪŋ] 6af105724a108def30288b810d78b276   第7级
    v.(使)增强, (使)加剧( intensify的现在分词 );增辉
    参考例句:
    • The allies are intensifying their air campaign. 联军部队正加大他们的空战强度。 来自辞典例句
    • The rest of the European powers were in a state of intensifying congestion. 其余的欧洲强国则处于越来越拥挤的状态。 来自英汉非文学 - 历史
    19 afflicts [əˈflikts] a87cd2ac4720b59fa8f9a4b517b78122   第7级
    使受痛苦,折磨( afflict的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • Level 3-Afflicts a target with the Curse of the Silent. 三级-用静默诅咒折磨一个目标。
    • Level 1-Afflicts a target with the Curse of the Silent. 一级-用静默诅咒折磨一个目标。
    20 unravel [ʌnˈrævl] Ajzwo   第10级
    vt. 解开;阐明;解决;拆散 vi. 解决;散开
    参考例句:
    • He was good with his hands and could unravel a knot or untangle yarn that others wouldn't even attempt. 他的手很灵巧,其他人甚至都不敢尝试的一些难解的绳结或缠在一起的纱线,他都能解开。
    • This is the attitude that led him to unravel a mystery that long puzzled Chinese historians. 正是这种态度使他解决了长期以来使中国历史学家们大惑不解的谜。
    21 obese [əʊˈbi:s] uvIya   第8级
    adj.过度肥胖的,肥大的
    参考例句:
    • The old man is really obese, it can't be healthy. 那位老人确实过于肥胖了,不能算是健康。
    • Being obese and lazy is dangerous to health. 又胖又懒危害健康。
    22 chronic [ˈkrɒnɪk] BO9zl   第7级
    adj.(疾病)长期未愈的,慢性的;极坏的
    参考例句:
    • Famine differs from chronic malnutrition. 饥荒不同于慢性营养不良。
    • Chronic poisoning may lead to death from inanition. 慢性中毒也可能由虚弱导致死亡。
    23 muster [ˈmʌstə(r)] i6czT   第8级
    vt. 召集;对…进行点名;使振作 n. 集合;检阅;点名册;集合人员 vi. 召集;聚集
    参考例句:
    • Go and muster all the men you can find. 去集合所有你能找到的人。
    • I had to muster my courage up to ask him that question. 我必须鼓起勇气向他问那个问题。
    24 hormones ['hɔ:məʊn] hormones   第8级
    n. 荷尔蒙,激素 名词hormone的复数形式
    参考例句:
    • This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body. 这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
    • The adrenals produce a large per cent of a man's sex hormones. 肾上腺分泌人体的大部分性激素。
    25 metabolic [ˌmetə'bɒlɪk] 2R4z1   第11级
    adj.新陈代谢的
    参考例句:
    • Impressive metabolic alternations have been undergone during embryogenesis. 在胚胎发生期间经历了深刻的代谢变化。
    • A number of intoxicants are associated with metabolic acidosis. 许多毒性物质可引起代谢性酸中毒。
    26 thwart [θwɔ:t] wIRzZ   第9级
    vt.阻挠,妨碍,反对;adj.横(断的)
    参考例句:
    • We must thwart his malevolent schemes. 我们决不能让他的恶毒阴谋得逞。
    • I don't think that will thwart our purposes. 我认为那不会使我们的目的受到挫折。
    27 mechanisms ['mekənɪzəmz] d0db71d70348ef1c49f05f59097917b8   第7级
    n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 );机械装置;[生物学] 机制;机械作用
    参考例句:
    • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    28 doomed [dumd] EuuzC1   第7级
    命定的
    参考例句:
    • The court doomed the accused to a long term of imprisonment. 法庭判处被告长期监禁。
    • A country ruled by an iron hand is doomed to suffer. 被铁腕人物统治的国家定会遭受不幸的。
    29 interventions [ɪntə'venʃnz] b4e9b73905db5b0213891229ce84fdd3   第7级
    n.介入,干涉,干预( intervention的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • Economic analysis of government interventions deserves detailed discussion. 政府对经济的干预应该给予充分的论述。 来自辞典例句
    • The judge's frequent interventions made a mockery of justice. 法官的屡屡干预是对正义的践踏。 来自互联网
    30 primal [ˈpraɪml] bB9yA   第11级
    adj.原始的;最重要的
    参考例句:
    • Jealousy is a primal emotion. 嫉妒是最原始的情感。
    • Money was a primal necessity to them. 对于他们,钱是主要的需要。
    31 incessant [ɪnˈsesnt] WcizU   第8级
    adj.不停的,连续的
    参考例句:
    • We have had incessant snowfall since yesterday afternoon. 从昨天下午开始就持续不断地下雪。
    • She is tired of his incessant demands for affection. 她厌倦了他对感情的不断索取。

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