Just a couple of glasses of wine during pregnancy¹ could alter your child's facial features, a new study claims.

一项新研究称，怀孕期间只喝几杯酒也会改变胎儿的面部特征。

It has long been seen that alcohol can infect a fetus², causing developmental delays in the brain. In the more severe cases, those delays can trigger facial defects.

长期以来，人们一直认为酒精会影响胎儿，导致脑部发育迟缓。情况更严重时，这种发育延迟甚至会带来面部缺陷。

However, a new Australian study published in JAMA Pediatrics has found that small quantities of alcohol could alter a child's face without necessarily causing cognitive³ issues.

然而，《美国医学会小儿科期刊》上刊登的一项澳大利亚新研究发现，少量饮酒不一定会引发孩子的认知障碍，但可能改变孩子的面容。

Researchers analyzed⁴ photographs of 415 babies' faces to detect a series of subtle differences connected to alcohol consumption - such as a slighter shorter, upturned nose.

研究人员分析了415张婴儿的面部照片，以检测摄入酒精导致的一系列细微差异，比如鼻子微微变短、上翘。

However, they said they do not have any evidence to show these delays in facial development are harmful in any other way than aesthetic⁵.

不过，研究人员称，除了审美方面，没有任何证据显示这种面部发育迟缓有任何方面的危害。

There is no definitive⁶ guideline on how much alcohol is safe to consume during pregnancy.

没有人能明确指出，在怀孕期间摄入多少酒精是安全的。

The CDC warns that: 'There is no known safe amount of alcohol use during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant. There is also no safe time during pregnancy to drink. All types of alcohol are equally harmful.'

美国疾病预防控制中心警告称：“没有人知道孕期和备孕期间的安全饮酒量。怀孕时也没有饮酒安全期。所有种类的酒精都一样有害。”

This new study by the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Victoria, Australia found any alcohol consumption has consequences on craniofacial development.

澳大利亚维多利亚市默多克儿童研究所的这项新研究显示，只要摄入酒精就会对胎儿的颅面发育产生影响。

Researchers recruited mothers in the first trimester of pregnancy from low-risk, public maternity⁷ clinics in metropolitan⁸ Melbourne, Australia, between January 2011 and December 2014.

2011年1月至2014年12月期间，研究人员从澳大利亚墨尔本低风险公立产科诊所招募了一批怀孕不到3个月的妈妈。

They ended up with 415 white children (195 girls and 220 boys) who had been exposed to a full range of alcohol - from binge drinking throughout pregnancy to low level drinking in the first trimester.

这些妈妈怀孕时曾不同程度饮酒，有的整个孕期都在酗酒，有的在前三个月少量饮酒，她们最终诞下了415个白人宝宝（195个女孩和220个男孩）。

Each one was photographed from many different angles when they reached one year old.

这些宝宝一岁时，研究人员从多种不同角度给他们拍摄了照片。

Analyzing⁹ the three-dimensional craniofacial images, the researchers found significant differences in craniofacial shape between children of women who abstained¹⁰ from alcohol during pregnancy and children with varying levels of prenatal alcohol exposure.

研究人员分析了宝宝们的三维颅面图像，他们发现，孕期戒酒孕妇的宝宝颅面形态与孕期不同程度饮酒孕妇的宝宝颅面形态存在显著差异。

Stark¹¹ differences were seen around the midface, nose, lips, and eyes.

面中部、鼻子、嘴唇以及眼睛的差异十分明显。

Alcohol-exposed children tended to have a more sunken midface and a turned-up nose.

妈妈孕期饮酒，其孩子面中部往往更塌陷，鼻子更上翻。

Those who experienced low exposure in the first trimester tended to only show differences in their forehead size.

妈妈怀孕前三个月少量饮酒，其孩子通常只有额头大小上存在一些差异。