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你知道吗? 常说这些词的人可能患了抑郁症!
添加时间:2018-07-11 09:10:45 浏览次数: 作者:未知
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  • Feeling down? Pay attention to your language.

    心情不好?请注意一下自己说话的用词偏好。

    Language changes significantly in both content and word choice in people who are depressed1, according to a growing body of research using computer programs to analyze2 speech and writing.

    据越来越多使用计算机程序来分析口头语和书面语的研究显示,抑郁症患者在内容表达的方式和措辞上,都会较患病前发生显著变化。

    People who are depressed tend to use the pronoun "I" more, indicating a greater focus on self. They also use "absolute" words like "must," "completely," "should" or "always," reflecting an overly black-or-white outlook.

    他们往往用第一人称代词“我”比较多,这表明他们对自我关注较多。此外,他们还常用“必须”、“完全”、“应该”或“总是”这样的“绝对词”来反映非黑即白的观点。

    Scientists have long known that people change how they speak when they are depressed -- their speech becomes lower, more monotone and more labored3, with more stops, starts and pauses. But newer studies, including several published this year, have found differences in the actual words depressed people use.

    科学家很早就知道,人们在抑郁后会改变说话方式--音量变低、语调单一、讲话费力,并且出现更多说说停停和踌躇不言的情况。而最新研究发现(包括今年发布的几项研究),抑郁症患者的用词也不太一样。

    People who are depressed "don't see subtleties4, and we can see this in the words they use," says James W. Pennebaker, professor of psychology5 at the University of Texas at Austin, who studies how language relates to a person's psychological state.

    研究人们语言与心理状态关系的德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校心理学教授詹姆斯·W·佩尼贝克称,抑郁症患者“看不到微妙差异,这一点我们可以从他们的措辞上看出来。”

    The study of computer-assisted language analysis for depression is still a nascent6 field, but apps and other technology that track language could eventually help doctors and patients identify a depressive episode more quickly.

    针对抑郁症的计算机化语言分析研究目前仍处于起步阶段,但跟踪语言的应用程序和其他技术最终可能会帮助医生和患者更快地确定这是否预示着罹患抑郁症。

    Since there are no biological markers for depression as there are for cancer and other diseases, therapists currently have to rely on a patient's self-reported symptoms and on their own analysis to diagnose the disorder7. Both can be highly subjective8.

    因为抑郁症不像癌症和其他疾病一样有生物标记物,所以治疗师目前在诊断抑郁症时,不得不依赖患者对症状的自述和治疗师自己的分析判断,而这两者都可能过于主观。

    The apparent suicides of designer Kate Spade and chef Anthony Bourdain last week underscore just how challenging it can be to identify and treat depression.

    设计师凯特·丝蓓和名厨安东尼·波尔登的自杀事件就凸显出识别和治疗抑郁症的难度。

    In research published online in March in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researchers at the Universities of Arizona, Zurich and Texas, as well as Michigan State and Georgia Southern, gave questionnaires designed to measure depression to more than 4,700 people at six labs in the U.S. and Germany.

    今年3月份在线发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志》上的一份研究显示,亚利桑那大学、苏黎世大学、德克萨斯大学以及密歇根州立大学和佐治亚南方大学的研究人员在美国和德国的六个实验室里对4700余人做了抑郁调查问卷。

    Participants were asked to write about their lives, a recent relationship breakup, their level of satisfaction with life, or just their general thoughts and feelings. Then software analyzed9 their language.

    问卷要求参与者用文字描述自己的生活、最近一段情感关系的破裂、对生活的满意度,或只是一般性的想法和感受。然后,研究人员用软件分析他们的文字。

    The results: In addition to using more negative, or sad, words, people who were depressed used more first-person pronouns or "I-talk" than people who were not depressed.

    结果发现,除用了更多消极或悲伤的词语外,抑郁者比没有抑郁的人用了更多的第一人称代词“我”。

    Pronouns show where a person is focusing attention, says Dr. Pennebaker, who is an author on the study. Someone who is really interested in another person will use the third person "he" or "she." Someone closely focused on a relationship will use "we."

    这份研究的作者佩尼贝克博士说,从人称代词上可以看出一个人的关注焦点。一个人若对另一个人真正感兴趣,会使用第三人称“他”或“她”。重点关注情感关系的人会使用“我们”。

    你知道吗? 常说这些词的人可能患了抑郁症!

    "But if you are thinking about yourself—if you are more self-conscious or self-aware, as depressed people are—you will use the first-person singular 'I' or 'me,'" Dr. Pennebaker says.

    佩尼贝克教授表示:“但是如果你在想着自己,像抑郁症患者一样具有较重的自我意识,你会用第一人称单数‘我'”。

    Depressed people also tend to view the world in a concrete, black-or-white way, using words such as "must," "completely," "should" or "always" that express absolutist thinking, as shown in a series of three studies published together in Clinical Psychological Science in January.

    今年1月份发表在《临床心理科学》上的三项系列研究显示,抑郁者还倾向于以具体的、非黑即白的方式来看待世界,用“必须”、“完全”、“应该”或“总是”这样的词来表达绝对化的想法。

    The researchers, from the University of Reading in the U.K., used software to calculate the percentage of absolutist words used in messages by approximately 6,400 members of internet forums10 for depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation and a host of control forums.

    英国雷丁大学的研究人员用软件计算了约6400名互联网论坛成员在所发消息中使用绝对词的比例,这些论坛包括抑郁、焦虑、自杀意念论坛和一系列对照组论坛。

    They found that approximately 1.5% of words used by people in the depression and anxiety forums were absolutist—which was 50% more than those used by people in the control forums. The percentage was even higher for people in the suicidal ideation forums: about 1.8%.

    他们发现,抑郁症和焦虑症论坛上绝对词的出现频率约为1.5%,比对照组论坛高出50%。绝对词在自杀意念论坛中出现的比例甚至高达1.8%左右。

    Why are absolutist words so bad? People often don't realize they are using them, and they can amp up negative thoughts. (Think about having your barbecue rained out. Saying "this always happens" is a much harsher thought than "sometimes the weather is unpredictable in June.") Absolutist words also require that the world correspond to your view. ("I must get that promotion11." "My children must behave.")

    为什么使用绝对词会如此糟糕?人们通常没有意识到自己在用这些词,而实际上这些词可以放大头脑里的消极想法。(譬如,你的烧烤野餐因雨取消,说“总是这样”的人比说“6月的天气有时就是没法预料”的人要消极得多。)使用绝对词的言下之意,是要求世界的运转符合你的看法。(“那个升职机会必须是我的。”“我的孩子必须守规矩。”)

    "If the world doesn't adhere to what you demand of it, that is when depression and anxiety set in," says Mohammed Al-Mosaiwi, a Ph.D. candidate in psychology at the University of Reading and lead author on the studies. The more flexible you are, the better, he says.

    雷丁大学心理学博士学位候选人、上述研究的主要作者默罕默德·阿尔-莫赛维表示:“如果世界不按你的要求来,抑郁和焦虑就开始发作。”他说,一个人的想法越灵活越好。

    Psychologists say people can use language as a tool to help them reframe their thoughts. "Very often, what you say is what you internalize," says Mr. Al-Mosaiwi. Here are some tips:

    心理学家表示,人们可以把语言当作帮助自己重新组织想法的工具。阿尔-莫赛维说:“很多时候,你说出来的就是你藏在心底的东西。”以下是帮助你做出改变的一些小贴士:

    Remember that the actual words you say matter, not just the thoughts they convey. Even if you are unable to replace negative words with positive ones, try replacing them with more accurate neutral ones. Instead of: "This party is horrible," try "This event is not for me."

    记住,不光是你的想法重要,用来表达想法的措辞也很重要。哪怕你没办法把消极字眼换成积极的,也应该尽量使用更准确的中性词。比如,你可以试着说,“这个活动不适合我”,而不是说,“这个派对太可怕了”。

    Banish12 absolutes, especially in relation to your goals or relationships, where falling short of your expectations can be particularly depressing. These words and phrases include: always, never, nothing, must, every, totally, completely, constantly, entirely13, all, definitely, full and one-hundred percent. Replace them with nuance14. Instead of: "I can never catch a break," try "Sometimes things don't work out."

    摒弃绝对词,特别是在描述人生目标或情感关系时,因为在这两种情况下,达不到期望值可能会令人特别沮丧。这些绝对词包括:总是、永不、毫无、必须、每个、统统、彻底、一直、完全、所有、绝对、全部和百分百。不妨“偷梁换柱”,用别的词代替。不要讲“我永远都不会交好运”,试着说 “事情有时就是不凑巧。”

    Write. Keep a journal. Try a stream-of-consciousness writing exercise. Compose an email to a friend. Then analyze what words you are using. Are they too negative or absolutist? All about you? Tweak those sentences—and stay vigilant15 for those words in your speech.

    动笔写。可以记日记,尝试一种意识流的写作练习。给朋友写电子邮件,分析自己的用词,是否太消极、太绝对?是否满篇都在讲自己?调整这些句子,对自己说话时用的字眼保持警惕。

    Ask a loved one to help you identify absolutist or negative words or sentences and suggest reframing. It is easier to notice someone else's language than our own.

    请你爱的人帮你找出绝对词或带有负面情绪的词语、句子,提出修改建议。纠察别人的语言比纠察我们自己的要容易。

    Create a mantra you can use to override16 absolutist language. So instead of saying "This always happens to me," say "This time. This happened this time."

    创造一个可以替代绝对词的专属口头禅。不要说“我总是碰上这种事”,而要说“这次让我碰上了,仅这次而已。”

    Put your mantra on sticky notes and place them where you can see them. Make it your screen saver. Have a needlepoint pillow made.

    可以把口头禅写在便利贴上,再把便利贴放在你可以看到的地方。还可以把这句口头禅做成屏保,或缝在靠垫上。

    Pay attention to your use of the word "I." If most of your sentences have "I" or "me" in them, you are probably too self-focused, says Dr. Pennebaker.

    注意“我”这个词的出现频率。佩尼贝克说,如果你在谈话时总是“我我我”,很可能说明你过于关注自己了。

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    1 depressed [dɪˈprest] xu8zp9   第8级
    adj.沮丧的,抑郁的,不景气的,萧条的
    参考例句:
    • When he was depressed, he felt utterly divorced from reality. 他心情沮丧时就感到完全脱离了现实。
    • His mother was depressed by the sad news. 这个坏消息使他的母亲意志消沉。
    2 analyze ['ænəlaɪz] RwUzm   第7级
    vt.分析,解析 (=analyse)
    参考例句:
    • We should analyze the cause and effect of this event. 我们应该分析这场事变的因果。
    • The teacher tried to analyze the cause of our failure. 老师设法分析我们失败的原因。
    3 labored ['leɪbəd] zpGz8M   第7级
    adj.吃力的,谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 );苦干;详细分析;(指引擎)缓慢而困难地运转
    参考例句:
    • I was close enough to the elk to hear its labored breathing. 我离那头麋鹿非常近,能听见它吃力的呼吸声。 来自辞典例句
    • They have labored to complete the job. 他们努力完成这一工作。 来自辞典例句
    4 subtleties ['sʌtltɪz] 7ed633566637e94fa02b8a1fad408072   第9级
    细微( subtlety的名词复数 ); 精细; 巧妙; 细微的差别等
    参考例句:
    • I think the translator missed some of the subtleties of the original. 我认为译者漏掉了原著中一些微妙之处。
    • They are uneducated in the financial subtleties of credit transfer. 他们缺乏有关信用转让在金融方面微妙作用的知识。
    5 psychology [saɪˈkɒlədʒi] U0Wze   第7级
    n.心理,心理学,心理状态
    参考例句:
    • She has a background in child psychology. 她受过儿童心理学的教育。
    • He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge. 他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。
    6 nascent [ˈnæsnt] H6uzZ   第11级
    adj.初生的,发生中的
    参考例句:
    • That slim book showed the Chinese intelligentsia and the nascent working class. 那本小册子讲述了中国的知识界和新兴的工人阶级。
    • Despite a nascent democracy movement, there's little traction for direct suffrage. 尽管有过一次新生的民主运动,但几乎不会带来直接选举。
    7 disorder [dɪsˈɔ:də(r)] Et1x4   第7级
    n.紊乱,混乱;骚动,骚乱;疾病,失调
    参考例句:
    • When returning back, he discovered the room to be in disorder. 回家后,他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
    • It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder. 里面七零八落地装着许多信件。
    8 subjective [səbˈdʒektɪv] mtOwP   第7级
    a.主观(上)的,个人的
    参考例句:
    • The way they interpreted their past was highly subjective. 他们解释其过去的方式太主观。
    • A literary critic should not be too subjective in his approach. 文学评论家的看法不应太主观。
    9 analyzed ['ænəlaɪzd] 483f1acae53789fbee273a644fdcda80   第7级
    v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 );分解;解释;对…进行心理分析
    参考例句:
    • The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程,因为对他来说,爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    10 forums [ˈfɔ:rəmz] 68daf8bdc8755fe8f4859024b3054fb8   第7级
    讨论会; 座谈会; 广播专题讲话节目; 集会的公共场所( forum的名词复数 ); 论坛,讨论会,专题讨论节目; 法庭
    参考例句:
    • A few of the forums were being closely monitored by the administrators. 有些论坛被管理员严密监控。
    • It can cast a dark cloud over these forums. 它将是的论坛上空布满乌云。
    11 promotion [prəˈməʊʃn] eRLxn   第7级
    n.提升,晋级;促销,宣传
    参考例句:
    • The teacher conferred with the principal about Dick's promotion. 教师与校长商谈了迪克的升级问题。
    • The clerk was given a promotion and an increase in salary. 那个职员升了级,加了薪。
    12 banish [ˈbænɪʃ] nu8zD   第7级
    vt.放逐,驱逐;消除,排除
    参考例句:
    • The doctor advised her to banish fear and anxiety. 医生劝她消除恐惧和忧虑。
    • He tried to banish gloom from his thought. 他试图驱除心中的忧愁。
    13 entirely [ɪnˈtaɪəli] entirely   第9级
    ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地
    参考例句:
    • The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
    • His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。
    14 nuance [ˈnju:ɑ:ns] Xvtyh   第10级
    n.(意义、意见、颜色)细微差别
    参考例句:
    • These users will easily learn each nuance of the applications they use. 这些用户会很快了解他们所使用程序的每一细微差别。
    • I wish I hadn't become so conscious of every little nuance. 我希望我不要变得这样去思索一切琐碎之事。
    15 vigilant [ˈvɪdʒɪlənt] ULez2   第8级
    adj.警觉的,警戒的,警惕的
    参考例句:
    • He has to learn how to remain vigilant through these long nights. 他得学会如何在这漫长的黑夜里保持警觉。
    • The dog kept a vigilant guard over the house. 这只狗警醒地守护着这所房屋。
    16 override [ˌəʊvəˈraɪd] sK4xu   第9级
    vt.不顾,不理睬,否决;压倒,优先于
    参考例句:
    • The welfare of a child should always override the wishes of its parents. 孩子的幸福安康应该永远比父母的愿望来得更重要。
    • I'm applying in advance for the authority to override him. 我提前申请当局对他进行否决。

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