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南丁格尔
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  • In May 1857 a Commission to study the whole question of the army medical service began to sit. The price was high. Florence Nightingale was doing this grueling work because it was vital, not because she had chosen it. She had changed. Now she was more brilliant in argument than ever, more efficient, more knowledgeable1, more persistent2 and penetrating3 in her reasoning, scrupulously4 just, mathematically accurate—but she was pushing herself to the very limits of her capacity at the expense of all joy.

    That summer of 1857 was a nightmare for Florence—not only was she working day and night to instruct the politicians sitting on the Commission, she was writing her own confidential5 report about her experiences. All this while Parthe and Mama lay about on sofas, telling each other not to get exhausted6 arranging flowers.

    It took Florence only six months to complete her own one-thousand-page Confidential Report, Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army. It was an incredibly clear, deeply-considered volume. Every single thing she had learned from t Crimea was there—every statement she made was backed by hard evidence.

    Florence Nightingale was basically arguing for prevention rather than cure. It was a new idea then and many politicians and army medical men felt it was revolutionary and positively7 cranky. They grimly opposed Florence and her allies.

    She was forced to prove that the soldiers were dying because of their basic living conditions. She had inspected dozens of hospitals and barracks and now exposed them as damp, filthy8 and unventilated, with dirty drains and unventilated, with dirty drains and infected water supplies. She showed that the soldiers’ diet was poor. She collected statistics which proved that the death rate for young soldiers in peace time was double that of the normal population.

    She showed that, though the army took only the fittest young men, every year 1,500 were killed by neglect, poor food and disease. She declared “Our soldiers enlist9 to death in the barracks”, and this became the battle cry of her supporters.

    The public, too, was on her side. The more the anti-reformers dragged their feet, the greater the reform pressure became.

    Florence did not win an outright10 victory against her opponents, but many changes came through. Soon some barracks were rebuilt and within three years the death rate would halve11.

    The intense work on the Commission was now over, but Florence was to continue studying, planning and pressing for army medical reform for the next thirty years.

    People now began to demand that she apply her knowledge to civilian12 hospitals, which she found to be “just as bad or worse” than military hospitals. In 1859 she published a book called Notes on Hospitals. It showed the world why people feared to be taken into hospitals and how matters could be remedied.

    Florence set forth13 the then revolutionary theory that simply by improving the construction and physical maintenance, hospital deaths could be greatly reduced. More windows, better ventilation, improved drainage, less cramped14 conditions, and regular scrubbing of the floors, walls and bed frames were basic measures that every hospital could take.

    Florence soon became an expert on the building of hospitals and all over the world hospitals were established according to her specifications15. She wrote hundreds and hundreds of letters from her sofa in London inquiring about sinks and saucepans, locks and laundry rooms. No detail was too small for her considered attention. She worked out ideas for the most efficient way to distribute clean linen16, the best method of keeping food hot, the correct number of inches between beds. She intended to change the administration of hospitals from top to toe. Lives depended upon detail.

    Florence Nightingale succeeded. All over the world Nightingale-style hospitals would be built. And Florence would continue to advise on hospital plans for over forty years. Today’s hospitals with their flowers and bright, clean and cheerful wards17 are a direct result of her work.

    1857年5月,一个研究军队医务全项问题的委员会成立了。为此付出的代价是巨大的。这项辛劳的工作交给了弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔,并不是因为她主动请缨,而是这任务至关重要。她开始变了。变得比以往更能言善辩,更注重实效,更有见地,在论理上也更加坚定和深刻。她作风严谨,精益求精——这所有一切是她用牺牲所有的娱乐换来的。

    1857年的夏天对弗洛伦斯来说是一场梦魇——她不仅要夜以继日地说服参与委员会工作的政客们,还要就她的个人经历撰写述职报告。而与此同时帕尔丝和母亲却靠在沙发上,相互提醒着插花不要插得太累。

    弗洛伦斯只用了六个月的时间就独自完成了长达一千页的《关于英国军队保健、效率和医院管理事项的纪要》的机密报告。其阐述之清晰,考虑之深入令人难以置信。她从克里米亚学到的一点一滴都跃然纸上——每项陈述都论据充分。

    弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔的基本主张是防患于未然。这在当时是标新立异的,许多政客和军医都觉得这过于出格同时又是稀奇古怪的。他们顽固地反对弗洛伦斯和她的支持者们。

    她不得不尽力去证实士兵们的基本生活条件是造成他们死亡的原因。她调查了几十家医院和兵营从而发现这些地方潮湿、污秽而且通风不畅,排水管污浊并且供水系统受到污染。她指出病号饭欠佳。她根据收集的统计数据证明在和平时期年轻士兵的死亡率是普通人的两倍。

    她证实了尽管军队只招募最健康的年轻人,但每年仍有1500人死于疏忽大意、缺乏营养的食物和疾病。她大声疾呼道“我们的士兵在军营里被死亡招募而去”,这成为她的支持者们的斗争呼声。

    公众们也站在了她的一边。反对改革的保守派越是拖后腿,改革的压力就越大。

    尽管弗洛伦斯没有取得对反对派的彻底胜利,但确已出现了许多变化。有些兵营被改建,三年内死亡率从预计的减少一半。

    至此委员会的紧张工作告一段落,但弗洛伦斯仍要继续研究,计划及督促今后三十年的军队医疗改革。

    人们现在开始希望她能将自己的学识用在民用医院方面,这些医院的情况在她看来和军队医院“一样糟,甚至更糟”。1859年她出了一本叫做《医院纪要》的书。该书向全世界揭示了人们害怕去医院的原因以及如何改良。

    弗洛伦斯提出了在当时是颇为革命的理论即只要改进并能维护医院设施,医院的死亡率就会大幅降低。增开窗户,加大通风,改善排污,减少拥挤及定期刷洗地面、墙壁和床架是所有医院应采取的基本措施。

    弗洛伦斯不久就成了医院设施方面的专家,全世界的医院都以她制定的细则进行设计。她坐在伦敦家里的沙发上,写了成百上千封的信件询问有关洗涤槽和平底锅、门锁和洗衣房的情况。对她来说事无巨细都予以细致入微的关注。她想出办法,最有效地来发放干净的被褥,最好地保温食物的方法,床与床之间最佳的摆放尺寸。她要彻底改变医院的管理制度。细节维系生命。

    弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔成功了。全世界都要建立南丁格尔式的医院。同时弗洛伦斯将在今后的四十多年里继续为医院的规划出谋划策。如今的医院鲜花盛开,窗明几净,病房干净和充满欢乐,所有这一切都应归功于她的工作。

     10级    双语 


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    1 knowledgeable [ˈnɒlɪdʒəbl] m2Yxg   第7级
    adj.知识渊博的;有见识的
    参考例句:
    • He's quite knowledgeable about the theatre. 他对戏剧很有心得。
    • He made some knowledgeable remarks at the meeting. 他在会上的发言颇有见地。
    2 persistent [pəˈsɪstənt] BSUzg   第7级
    adj.坚持不懈的,执意的;持续的
    参考例句:
    • Albert had a persistent headache that lasted for three days. 艾伯特连续头痛了三天。
    • She felt embarrassed by his persistent attentions. 他不时地向她大献殷勤,使她很难为情。
    3 penetrating ['penitreitiŋ] ImTzZS   第7级
    adj.(声音)响亮的,尖锐的adj.(气味)刺激的adj.(思想)敏锐的,有洞察力的
    参考例句:
    • He had an extraordinarily penetrating gaze. 他的目光有股异乎寻常的洞察力。
    • He examined the man with a penetrating gaze. 他以锐利的目光仔细观察了那个人。
    4 scrupulously ['skru:pjələslɪ] Tj5zRa   第8级
    adv.一丝不苟地;小心翼翼地,多顾虑地
    参考例句:
    • She toed scrupulously into the room. 她小心翼翼地踮着脚走进房间。 来自辞典例句
    • To others he would be scrupulously fair. 对待别人,他力求公正。 来自英汉非文学 - 文明史
    5 confidential [ˌkɒnfɪˈdenʃl] MOKzA   第8级
    adj.秘(机)密的,表示信任的,担任机密工作的
    参考例句:
    • He refused to allow his secretary to handle confidential letters. 他不让秘书处理机密文件。
    • We have a confidential exchange of views. 我们推心置腹地交换意见。
    6 exhausted [ɪgˈzɔ:stɪd] 7taz4r   第8级
    adj.极其疲惫的,精疲力尽的
    参考例句:
    • It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted. 搬运回家的这段路程特别长,到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
    • Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life. 珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。
    7 positively [ˈpɒzətɪvli] vPTxw   第7级
    adv.明确地,断然,坚决地;实在,确实
    参考例句:
    • She was positively glowing with happiness. 她满脸幸福。
    • The weather was positively poisonous. 这天气着实讨厌。
    8 filthy [ˈfɪlθi] ZgOzj   第9级
    adj.卑劣的;恶劣的,肮脏的
    参考例句:
    • The whole river has been fouled up with filthy waste from factories. 整条河都被工厂的污秽废物污染了。
    • You really should throw out that filthy old sofa and get a new one. 你真的应该扔掉那张肮脏的旧沙发,然后再去买张新的。
    9 enlist [ɪnˈlɪst] npCxX   第9级
    vt.谋取(支持等),赢得;征募;vi.入伍
    参考例句:
    • They come here to enlist men for the army. 他们来这儿是为了召兵。
    • The conference will make further efforts to enlist the support of the international community for their just struggle. 会议必将进一步动员国际社会,支持他们的正义斗争。
    10 outright [ˈaʊtraɪt] Qj7yY   第10级
    adv.坦率地;彻底地;立即;adj.无疑的;彻底的
    参考例句:
    • If you have a complaint you should tell me outright. 如果你有不满意的事,你应该直率地对我说。
    • You should persuade her to marry you outright. 你应该彻底劝服她嫁给你。
    11 halve [hɑ:v] Re4zV   第9级
    vt.分成两半,平分;减少到一半
    参考例句:
    • Let's halve the project between our two teams. 让我们两个队平均分担这项工程吧。
    • I'll halve expenses with you. 我要跟你平均分摊费用。
    12 civilian [səˈvɪliən] uqbzl   第7级
    adj.平民的,民用的,民众的
    参考例句:
    • There is no reliable information about civilian casualties. 关于平民的伤亡还没有确凿的信息。
    • He resigned his commission to take up a civilian job. 他辞去军职而从事平民工作。
    13 forth [fɔ:θ] Hzdz2   第7级
    adv.向前;向外,往外
    参考例句:
    • The wind moved the trees gently back and forth. 风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
    • He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession. 他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
    14 cramped ['kræmpt] 287c2bb79385d19c466ec2df5b5ce970   第10级
    a.狭窄的
    参考例句:
    • The house was terribly small and cramped, but the agent described it as a bijou residence. 房子十分狭小拥挤,但经纪人却把它说成是小巧别致的住宅。
    • working in cramped conditions 在拥挤的环境里工作
    15 specifications [spesɪfɪ'keɪʃnz] f3453ce44685398a83b7fe3902d2b90c   第7级
    n.规格;载明;详述;(产品等的)说明书;说明书( specification的名词复数 );详细的计划书;载明;详述
    参考例句:
    • Our work must answer the specifications laid down. 我们的工作应符合所定的规范。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • This sketch does not conform with the specifications. 图文不符。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
    16 linen [ˈlɪnɪn] W3LyK   第7级
    n.亚麻布,亚麻线,亚麻制品;adj.亚麻布制的,亚麻的
    参考例句:
    • The worker is starching the linen. 这名工人正在给亚麻布上浆。
    • Fine linen and cotton fabrics were known as well as wool. 精细的亚麻织品和棉织品像羊毛一样闻名遐迩。
    17 wards [wɔ:dz] 90fafe3a7d04ee1c17239fa2d768f8fc   第7级
    区( ward的名词复数 ); 病房; 受监护的未成年者; 被人照顾或控制的状态
    参考例句:
    • This hospital has 20 medical [surgical] wards. 这所医院有 20 个内科[外科]病房。
    • It was a big constituency divided into three wards. 这是一个大选区,下设三个分区。

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