Women are more likely than men to display symptoms of depression when in a position of authority at work, according to US scientists.

美国科学家称，在高层工作岗位上，女性比男性更易产生抑郁症状。

In men, authority, such as the ability to hire and fire people, decreases depressive symptoms, the study said.

研究显示，对男性来说，雇用或解雇员工的权力会减少抑郁症状。

The study, published in the Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, looked at 2,800 aged²" target="_blank">middle-aged¹ men and women.

研究刊登于《健康与社会行为期刊》上，调查了2800名中年男女。

One expert said the study showed the need for more women in authority and more varied³ female role models.

一位专家表示，这表示需要有更多高职位女性和更多样化的女性角色。

Scientists at the University of Texas at Austin interviewed 1,300 male and 1,500 female graduates from Wisconsin high schools over the phone in 1993 and 2004, when they were aged about 54 and 64.

德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的科学家于1993年和2004年分别通过电话采访了毕业于威斯康辛州高中的1300名男性与1500名女性，接受采访时他们分别为54和64岁。

Flexibility⁴ for men

男性的适应性

Researchers asked participants about job authority and about the number of days in the past week they felt depressive symptoms, such as feeling sad and thinking one's life is a failure.

调查人员询问参与者关于工作职权的问题和过去一周内的抑郁症状，如伤感或认为自己很失败。

When the job included hiring, firing and influencing pay, women were predicted to have a 9% increased rate of depressive symptoms than women without authority.

当工作内容包含雇用、解雇和决定员工工钱时，女性的抑郁程度会比没有这些权力的女性高9%。

Meanwhile, men had a 10% decreased rate of depressive symptoms.

同时，男性则会低10%。

The study said it controlled for other factors that could cause depression, such as hours worked per week, whether people had flexible hours and how often workers were checked by a supervisor⁵.

研究称，其他因素也会导致抑郁，如每周工作时间，是否有自由时间和接受上级检查的频率。

Scientists also said men were more likely to decide when to start and finish work than women and were less frequently monitored by their advisers⁶.

科学家还表示，男性更易决定何时开始和结束工作，更少受他人影响。

Lead researcher Tetyana Pudrovska said: "These women have more education, higher incomes, more prestigious⁷ occupations, and higher levels of job satisfaction and autonomy than women without job authority.

首席研究员泰狄娜称，相对于地位不高的女性，这些女性受教育水平更高，收入更高，更有名望，有更高的工作满足程度和自治权。

"Yet they have worse mental health than lower status women."

“然而她们的心理问题比地位低的女性更严重。”

Natural female leadership

自然的女性领导权

Ms Pudrovska said female bosses had to deal with interpersonal tension, negative social interactions and stereotypes⁸, prejudice, social isolation⁹, as well as resistance from subordinates, colleagues and superiors.

Pudrovska女士说，作为女领导不得不处理比男领导更为紧张的人际关系，这源于下属、同事和上司的消极社交模式、偏见和社交孤立。

Dr Ruth Sealy at City University in London said women were often "trapped" by the gendered notion of a good leader.

伦敦城市大学的露丝·西利博士表示，女性经常被成为好领导的性别观念所困。

When women adopted traditionally masculine behaviours as leaders they were criticised for being unfeminine, yet colleagues would not believe the women were good leaders if they saw only their feminine characteristics, she added.

当女性采用传统的男性领导方式时，会被批评不女性化，但如果同事只从女领导身上看到女性特点时，又不相信她会是个好领导。

Dr Sealy said: "Because we assume men's 'natural' competence¹⁰ as leaders, women often have had to work much harder to get to those positions, only to find that even when they get there, their 'right' to that status is continuously questioned."

西利博士说：“因为我们认为男性天生就有领导能力，女性必须比男性努力得多才能获得更高的职位，即便如此，她们仍然会被质疑是否适合那些职位。

She said female leadership needed to be made as natural as male leadership.

因此他认为女性领导需要像男性领导一样自然。

Dr Gijsbert Stoet at the University of Glasgow said the study was strong from a psychological and social science perspective.

格拉斯哥大学的吉斯波特·斯托耶特博士说，这项研究很明显地从心理学和社会科学的角度反映了女领导的心理状况。

He said: "The scientists have used the data from a large longitudinal study and it is very valuable to answer these sorts of questions."

他称：“科学家们已使用纵向研究中的大量数据进行研究，对于回答这些问题相当有价值。”

Companies should question what they can do to help their workers manage stress, such as providing a staff counsellor, he said.

最后他表示，公司应该为女性做些什么帮助她们处理压力，例如提供员工顾问。