Fathers' commuting¹ to work has multiple negative impacts on children's behavior, a new study said last Monday.

上周一，一项最新研究表明，父亲通勤上下班会对孩子的行为产生多种不良影响。

A study conducted by researchers from Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) said children whose fathers commute² to work over a long distance tend to have more emotional and social problems.

据柏林社会科学中心的研究员研究发现，父亲的工作地点离家越远，孩子的情感和社会问题就越严重。

Using a representative sample from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, WZB researchers, Jianghong Li and Matthias Pollmann-schult, examined the relationship between fathers' commute to work and children's social and emotional well-being³ at ages 5 to 6 in Germany.

WZB的调查员李江红以及马提亚·波尔曼·舒尔特通过德国社会经济研究小组的样本数据，研究了德国父亲通勤上下班与孩子社会和情感问题间的联系。

The study has shown that fathers' daily commute to work was associated with more peer problems in their children two years later.

研究表明，父亲离家工作会使孩子产生更多的同龄人问题，不过这些问题会滞后两年出现。

While daily commuting distance of 40 or more km each way was associated with lower levels of pro-social behaviors, longer daily commuting for 60 km or more each way was linked to more problems with peers.

工作地点离家40多公里远的父亲，他的孩子出现社会前问题的几率会小一些。而工作地点离家60公里甚至更远的，他的孩子和同龄人相处时更容易出现矛盾。

According to the study, plausible⁴ mechanisms⁵ that underpin⁶ these negative effects include stress and fatigue⁷ associated with long commute to work and the father's absence in the home, particularly for fathers who commute weekly to work. These factors may lead to poor parenting on the part of both the father and the mother.

这项研究指出，这些负面影响主要是由于父亲上下班耗时太久，压力大，疲劳过度，再加上他们长时间不在家。尤其是那些每周定点上班的父亲，这些都会导致父母亲对孩子照顾不周到。

When stressed and fatigued⁸, parents tend to resort to harsh and inconsistent parenting styles, which in turn causes behavioral and emotional problems in children, said the study.

研究还指出，当父母亲压力过大时，对待子女就会变得很苛刻，在教育孩子的问题上也容易出现分歧。这些都会导致孩子出现情感和行为方面的问题。

Moreover, fathers' absence from the family during the week can also lead to mother's stress and affect her parenting behavior due to increased workload⁹ in the home without the partner's support.

而且，父亲每周不在家，母亲压力就会过大。由于家务劳动的负担加大，而且她们无法得到父亲的帮助。这会影响到母亲教养孩子的行为举止。