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社会企业家开创新民主模式
添加时间:2016-06-29 19:12:23 浏览次数: 作者:未知
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  • Silicon1 Valley’s stereotypical2 approach to solving public problems is to invest in social entrepreneurship. Bypass lumbering3 government bureaucracy to find innovative4 solutions that harness economic incentives6 to create social value. In place of government-run schools, find corporations to fund charter schools. Instead of foreign aid, fund Kiva, a platform that allows individuals with capital, however small, to lend directly to development entrepreneurs who need it.

    硅谷解决公共问题的模式化做法是投资社会企业。绕过迟缓的政府官僚体制,找到利用经济激励创造社会价值的创造性解决方法。找到企业资助特许学校,以替代政府办学。不是直接对外援助,而是资助Kiva平台,无论数额有多小,拥有资金的个人都可以通过该平台直接借钱给需要资金的创业家。

    The tech titan perhaps most identified with the concept and practice of social enterprise is Jeff Skoll, first president of eBay, whose eponymous foundation has invested directly in social entrepreneurs around the world, as well as establishing the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship at the Saïd Business School, Oxford7 university, and the annual Skoll World Forum8 on Social Entrepreneurship.

    最能体现社会企业的概念和实践的科技业巨子可能是eBay的首任总裁杰夫•斯科尔(Jeff Skoll)。他的与自己同名的基金会直接投资给全世界的社会企业家,他还在牛津大学(University of Oxford)赛德商学院(Saïd Business School)建立了斯科尔社会企业中心(Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship),并举办一年一度的斯科尔社会企业世界论坛(Skoll World Forum on Social Entrepreneurship)。

    The growing class of social entrepreneurs that Skoll and others fund stands between the private and public sectors10, applying new tools and approaches to the work government has traditionally done. But in a new book, Getting Beyond Better: How Social Entrepreneurship Works, Skoll Foundation chief executive Sally Osberg and Roger Martin, former dean of the Rotman School of Management, present a model of social enterprise that directly engages government in a number of critical ways.

    斯科尔和其他人资助的不断扩大的社会企业家队伍立于私人部门和公共部门之间,将新的手段和方法运用到传统上由政府完成的工作上。但在一本新书《超越更好:社会企业是如何运作的》(Getting Beyond Better: How Social Entrepreneurship Works)中,斯科尔基金会的首席执行官萨莉•奥斯贝格(Sally Osberg)和罗特曼管理学院(Rotman School of Management)前院长马丁•罗杰(Roger Martin)提出了一种社会企业模式,以多种极其重要的方式直接让政府参与进来。

    They offer a helpful definition of social entrepreneurs, as distinct from direct social service providers and social advocates. Social entrepreneurs, they write, “seek to shift a stable but suboptimal equilibrium11 in a way that is neither entirely12 mandated13 nor entirely market driven. They create new approaches to old and pernicious problems.”

    他们提出了一种有益的社会企业家定义,与社会服务的直接提供者和社会事业的倡导者区分开来。他们写道,社会企业家“寻求以一种既非完全授权,又非完全市场驱动的方式,改变稳定但并非最优的均衡。他们创造应对旧的、有害的问题的新方法。”

    Social entrepreneurs who fit this definition include Muhammad Yunus, the pioneer of “microfinance”, or Molly Melching, the founder14 of Tostan, who found a way to convince African villagers to reject female genital mutilation on their own terms.

    符合这一定义的社会企业家包括“小微金融”的先行者穆罕默德•尤努斯(Muhammad Yunus),以及Tostan的创始人莫莉•梅尔欣(Molly Melching),后者找到办法说服非洲的村民放弃以他们的方式对女性行割礼。

    It is interesting, and significant, that social entrepreneurs have found ways to work with government rather than around it. They increase “the willingness or ability of the government to invest” in a particular government service “by reframing the way its value is articulated”. Madhav Chavan, for instance, found a way to measure the efforts of Indian teachers in terms of actual student learning, creating an incentive5 for the government to invest not in inputs15 (the numbers of teachers in the field), but in outcomes — the numbers of literate16 students. As Paul Farmer, the founder of Partners in Health, puts it: “Nongovernmental organisations can and should strengthen the faltering17 public sector9.”

    社会企业家找到了办法和政府合作,而不是围绕着政府开展工作,这很有趣,意义也很重大。“通过重构价值的表达方式”,他们提高了对特定政府服务的“政府投资意愿或者能力”。比如,马达夫•恰范(Madhav Chavan)找到一种办法,以实际学习的学生数量衡量印度教师的工作,不仅推动政府投资于投入(实地教学的教师数量),也投资于产出——有文化的学生数量。就如Partners in Health的创始人保罗•法默(Paul Farmer)所说:“非政府组织能够且应该加强衰落的公共部门。”

    The public sector, however weak, provides vast scale. And, for all its flaws, it is a source of legitimacy18. What is more, it turns out that private entrepreneurs can do more public good when they team up with government. The ride-sharing company Lyft, for instance, has partnered with government planning agencies in California on data-sharing projects to help provide a more detailed19 picture of how it fits into the regional transport network. It has also shared data about how many customers call Lyft to be picked up or dropped off near train, bus, or subway stations, raising the possibility of an integrated public-private transit20 system.

    无论多么衰落,公共部门所提供的规模是巨大的。而且,虽然有诸多缺陷,公共部门是合法性的来源。此外,事实表明,在和政府合作的时候,私人企业家能够更好地造福大众。比如,拼车公司Lyft和加利福尼亚州的政府规划机构合作开展数据分享项目,就Lyft如何融入地区交通网络描绘一幅更详尽的图景。该项目还分享有关有多少通过Lyft叫车的用户在铁路、公交或者地铁站附近上车或者下车的数据,提高公共-私人交通运输系统一体化的可能性。

    For its part, the American Public Transportation21 Association has published a report on “Shared Mobility22 and the Transformation23 of Public Transit.”

    美国公共交通协会(APTA)方面则发布了“共享移动性和公共交通转型”的报告。

    There are similar examples in other industries. Airbnb has agreed with the cities of Portland and San Francisco to help streamline24 disaster response by identifying hosts who will take in needy25 citizens in the event of an earthquake or other emergency and sharing that information with city planners. Uber has launched a pilot project with Macomb County in Michigan to offer free rides for jurors and has begun a programme in several cities to increase the number of Uber drivers with wheelchair-accessible vehicles.

    其他行业也有类似的例子。Airbnb已经和波特兰、旧金山等城市达成协议,通过确定哪些房主能够在发生地震或者其他紧急情况时接收有需要的市民,并将这一信息与城市规划者分享,来帮助简化灾难应对流程。优步(Uber)和密歇根州马科姆(Macomb)县合作启动了一个试点计划,为陪审员提供免费乘车服务,并在几个城市启动了增多有轮椅无障碍车辆的优步司机的项目。

    The larger point here is the emergence26 of an ecosystem27 for public problem-solving in which government is no longer the only or even necessarily the primary actor. It includes universities, public policy organisations, direct service and advocacy groups, social enterprise and far-sighted private enterprise. All must learn to work together more closely. If they do, the result will be a new model of effective, engaged and connected democracy.

    这其中更重要的一点是一种解决公共问题的生态系统的诞生,政府不再是唯一、甚至不再是必不可少的主要参与者。这个生态系统包括了大学、公共政策机构、直接服务和倡导群体、社会企业和有远见的私人企业。所有参与方都必须学会更紧密地合作。如果他们做到了,结果会是一种饶有成效、多方参与、相互联通的新民主模式。

     12级    英语新闻 


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    1 silicon [ˈsɪlɪkən] dykwJ   第7级
    n.硅(旧名矽)
    参考例句:
    • This company pioneered the use of silicon chip. 这家公司开创了使用硅片的方法。
    • A chip is a piece of silicon about the size of a postage stamp. 芯片就是一枚邮票大小的硅片。
    2 stereotypical [,steriə'tipikl] af5b561e94abd66f688fbfcccaffdce3   第7级
    n.常规
    参考例句:
    • Personas should be typical and believable, but not stereotypical. 人物角色应该是典型和可信赖的,但不是一成不变的。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
    • Anything could be stereotypical, so I guess it could be criticism. 任何东西都可以变的老套,所以我猜那就是一种批评。 来自互联网
    3 lumbering ['lʌmbəriŋ] FA7xm   第7级
    n.采伐林木
    参考例句:
    • Lumbering and, later, paper-making were carried out in smaller cities. 木材业和后来的造纸都由较小的城市经营。
    • Lumbering is very important in some underdeveloped countries. 在一些不发达的国家,伐木业十分重要。
    4 innovative [ˈɪnəveɪtɪv] D6Vxq   第8级
    adj.革新的,新颖的,富有革新精神的
    参考例句:
    • Discover an innovative way of marketing. 发现一个创新的营销方式。
    • He was one of the most creative and innovative engineers of his generation. 他是他那代人当中最富创造性与革新精神的工程师之一。
    5 incentive [ɪnˈsentɪv] j4zy9   第7级
    n.刺激;动力;鼓励;诱因;动机
    参考例句:
    • Money is still a major incentive in most occupations. 在许多职业中,钱仍是主要的鼓励因素。
    • He hasn't much incentive to work hard. 他没有努力工作的动机。
    6 incentives [ɪn'sentɪvz] 884481806a10ef3017726acf079e8fa7   第7级
    激励某人做某事的事物( incentive的名词复数 ); 刺激; 诱因; 动机
    参考例句:
    • tax incentives to encourage savings 鼓励储蓄的税收措施
    • Furthermore, subsidies provide incentives only for investments in equipment. 更有甚者,提供津贴仅是为鼓励增添设备的投资。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
    7 Oxford ['ɒksfəd] Wmmz0a   第8级
    n.牛津(英国城市)
    参考例句:
    • At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford. 他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
    • This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London. 这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。
    8 forum [ˈfɔ:rəm] cilx0   第7级
    n.论坛,讨论会
    参考例句:
    • They're holding a forum on new ways of teaching history. 他们正在举行历史教学讨论会。
    • The organisation would provide a forum where problems could be discussed. 这个组织将提供一个可以讨论问题的平台。
    9 sector [ˈsektə(r)] yjczYn   第7级
    n.部门,部分;防御地段,防区;扇形
    参考例句:
    • The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
    • The enemy have attacked the British sector. 敌人已进攻英国防区。
    10 sectors ['sektəs] 218ffb34fa5fb6bc1691e90cd45ad627   第7级
    n.部门( sector的名词复数 );领域;防御地区;扇形
    参考例句:
    • Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war. 战后柏林分成了4 个区。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • Industry and agriculture are the two important sectors of the national economy. 工业和农业是国民经济的两个重要部门。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
    11 equilibrium [ˌi:kwɪˈlɪbriəm] jiazs   第8级
    n.平衡,均衡,相称,均势,平静
    参考例句:
    • Change in the world around us disturbs our inner equilibrium. 我们周围世界的变化扰乱了我们内心的平静。
    • This is best expressed in the form of an equilibrium constant. 这最好用平衡常数的形式来表示。
    12 entirely [ɪnˈtaɪəli] entirely   第9级
    ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地
    参考例句:
    • The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
    • His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。
    13 mandated [ˈmændeɪtɪd] b1de99702d7654948b507d8fbbea9700   第9级
    adj. 委托统治的
    参考例句:
    • Mandated desegregation of public schools. 命令解除公立学校中的种族隔离
    • Britain was mandated to govern the former colony of German East Africa. 英国受权代管德国在东非的前殖民地。
    14 Founder [ˈfaʊndə(r)] wigxF   第8级
    n.创始者,缔造者
    参考例句:
    • He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school. 他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
    • According to the old tradition, Romulus was the founder of Rome. 按照古老的传说,罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。
    15 inputs ['ɪnpʊts] a8aff967e1649a1c82ea607c881e8091   第7级
    n.输入( input的名词复数 );投入;输入端;输入的数据v.把…输入电脑( input的第三人称单数 )
    参考例句:
    • Uncheck the inputs checked for optimization in the previous stage. 不测试那些已经测试过的优化了的以前步骤的inputs.(变量参数)。 来自互联网
    • Just in case, save in a file the inputs obtained at the previous stage. 以防万一,保存以前步骤获得的inputs(变量参数值)到一个文件中去。 来自互联网
    16 literate [ˈlɪtərət] 181zu   第7级
    n.学者;adj.精通文学的,受过教育的
    参考例句:
    • Only a few of the nation's peasants are literate. 这个国家的农民中只有少数人能识字。
    • A literate person can get knowledge through reading many books. 一个受过教育的人可以通过读书而获得知识。
    17 faltering ['fɔ:ltərɪŋ] b25bbdc0788288f819b6e8b06c0a6496   第8级
    犹豫的,支吾的,蹒跚的
    参考例句:
    • The economy shows no signs of faltering. 经济没有衰退的迹象。
    • I canfeel my legs faltering. 我感到我的腿在颤抖。
    18 legitimacy [lɪ'dʒɪtɪməsɪ] q9tzJ   第11级
    n.合法,正当
    参考例句:
    • The newspaper was directly challenging the government's legitimacy. 报纸直接质疑政府的合法性。
    • Managing from the top down, we operate with full legitimacy. 我们进行由上而下的管理有充分的合法性。
    19 detailed [ˈdi:teɪld] xuNzms   第8级
    adj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的
    参考例句:
    • He had made a detailed study of the terrain. 他对地形作了缜密的研究。
    • A detailed list of our publications is available on request. 我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。
    20 transit [ˈtrænzɪt] MglzVT   第7级
    n.经过,运输;vt.穿越,旋转;vi.越过
    参考例句:
    • His luggage was lost in transit. 他的行李在运送中丢失。
    • The canal can transit a total of 50 ships daily. 这条运河每天能通过50条船。
    21 transportation [ˌtrænspɔ:ˈteɪʃn] 9mKwv   第8级
    n.运输,运输系统,运输工具
    参考例句:
    • The transportation of goods by air costs a lot. 航空运输货物花费很高。
    • He finally solved the difficulty of transportation. 他终于解决了运输的困难。
    22 mobility [məʊˈbɪləti] H6rzu   第8级
    n.可动性,变动性,情感不定
    参考例句:
    • The difference in regional house prices acts as an obstacle to mobility of labour. 不同地区房价的差异阻碍了劳动力的流动。
    • Mobility is very important in guerrilla warfare. 机动性在游击战中至关重要。
    23 transformation [ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn] SnFwO   第7级
    n.变化;改造;转变
    参考例句:
    • Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook. 上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。
    • He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband. 他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。
    24 streamline [ˈstri:mlaɪn] dtiwk   第7级
    vt.使成流线型;使简化;使现代化;n.流线,流线型
    参考例句:
    • We must streamline our methods. 我们必须简化方法。
    • Any liquid or gas passing it will have streamline flow. 任何通过它的液体或气体将呈流线型的流动。
    25 needy [ˈni:di] wG7xh   第8级
    adj.贫穷的,贫困的,生活艰苦的
    参考例句:
    • Although he was poor, he was quite generous to his needy friends. 他虽穷,但对贫苦的朋友很慷慨。
    • They awarded scholarships to needy students. 他们给贫苦学生颁发奖学金。
    26 emergence [ɪ'mɜ:dʒəns] 5p3xr   第8级
    n.浮现,显现,出现,(植物)突出体
    参考例句:
    • The last decade saw the emergence of a dynamic economy. 最近10年见证了经济增长的姿态。
    • Language emerges and develops with the emergence and development of society. 语言是随着社会的产生而产生,随着社会的发展而发展的。
    27 ecosystem [ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm] Wq4xz   第8级
    n.生态系统
    参考例句:
    • This destroyed the ecosystem of the island. 这样破坏了岛上的生态系统。
    • We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem. 维持生态系统的完整是我们共同的利益。

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