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火星移民获难成行
添加时间:2016-10-24 20:57:52 浏览次数: 作者:未知
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  • Going to Mars could be bad for astronauts’ brains, a new study using rodents2 has found.

    一项关于啮齿动物的实验发现,前往火星可能会对宇航员的大脑造成损害。

    While the Earth’s magnetosphere mostly protects people on this planet from cosmic radiation, any trailblazers on a long-distance trek3 to Mars would have to contend with the harmful radiation of space. To study this, researchers exposed rodents to charged particles and then analyzed4 the results. They found that, among other issues, the rodents had brain damage, neural5 inflammation, and impaired7 memory.

    尽管地球的大气层可以最大限度地遮挡住宇宙射线,但是宇航员在前往火星的漫长旅途中将不得不暴露在有害的辐射之下。研究者将老鼠放置在充电粒子周围,结果发现实验鼠出现了大脑受损、神经系统发炎和记忆受损等症状。

    "This is not positive news for astronauts deployed8 on a two-to-three-year round trip to Mars," Charles Limoli, a professor of radiation oncology at the University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, said in a statement. "The space environment poses unique hazards to astronauts. Exposure to these particles can lead to a range of potential central nervous system complications that can occur during and persist long after actual space travel - such as various performance decrements, memory deficits9, anxiety, depression and impaired decision-making.”

    “对于两三年内经常在地球和火星之间往返的宇航员来说,这可不是什么好消息,”加州大学欧文分校医学院的放射肿瘤学教授查理斯·利莫里表示“宇航员在太空中会受到特殊的伤害,如果长期暴露在粒子辐射下,神经系统可能会出现包括身体多项机能下降、记忆缺陷、焦虑、抑郁和决策能力受损在内的并发症,还会留下持续时间极长的后遗症。”

    The scientists also found that radiation could lead to more anxiety, as the rodents had their sense of “fear extinction10affected11. Since fear extinction tamps12 down fear associated with past events, if that process isn’t working properly, then the astronauts could feel more fear.

    科学家们还发现,实验鼠因射线的作用变得越来越焦虑,受到了“恐惧消退”机能的影响。恐惧消退将人们过去的恐惧深埋心底,如果这一过程出现问题,宇航员会感受到更多的恐惧。

    "Deficits in fear extinction could make you prone13 to anxiety," Limoli said in the statement, "which could become problematic over the course of a three-year trip to and from Mars."

    “恐惧消退出现缺陷,人们会更容易变得焦虑,”利莫里在声明中说到“这在地球与火星往返的三年时间里会成为一个大问题。”

    The red planet, about 140 million miles from Earth, is a prominent and tantalizing14 target for the future of space travel. NASA is looking at 2018 for the launch of its uncrewed Mars InSight mission, has plans for a next-gen Martian rover launching in 2020, and is eying a manned mission in the 2030s decade. Meanwhile, Elon Musk15, the founder16 of SpaceX, has announced a bold vision to send people to Mars and colonize17 it.

    火星距地球约1.4亿英里,将成为未来太空旅行中地位显著的目的地。美国航空航天局计划于2018年执行无人探索任务,而2020年则将由探测车完成探测,而21世纪30年代将会有宇航员登上火星。同时美国太空探索技术公司创始人埃隆·马斯克曾宣布了大胆的火星殖民计划。

    The study, which notes that cosmic radiation could possibly impair6 astronauts’ decision-making abilities, was published in the journal Science Reports.

    这项研究发表在《Science Reports》期刊上,指出了宇宙射线对宇航员决策力造成的影响。

    A caveat18: the study used rodents, not people (for obvious reasons), and in general in science, just because something happens to mice during a study doesn’t mean it will be the same for humans. Indeed, the study uses the word “possibly”to couch their results.

    这项研究的实验对象是鼠类而非人类(原因显而易见),而科学界普遍认为,在鼠类身上出现的现象不一定会同样在人类身上出现,研究报告也用了“可能地”这样的字眼。

    “The Mars mission will result in an inevitable19 exposure to cosmic radiation that has been shown to cause cognitive20 impairments in rodent1 models, and possibly in astronauts engaged in deep space travel,”the study states.

    研究报告指出:“老鼠在宇宙射线的作用下出现了认知障碍,而宇航员在火星的往返途中不免要接触到这些射线,因此在宇航员身上也很可能出现上述现象。”

     12级    英文科普 


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    1 rodent [ˈrəʊdnt] DsNyh   第10级
    n.啮齿动物;adj.啮齿目的
    参考例句:
    • When there is a full moon, this nocturnal rodent is careful to stay in its burrow. 月圆之夜,这种夜间活动的啮齿类动物会小心地呆在地洞里不出来。
    • This small rodent can scoop out a long, narrow tunnel in a very short time. 这种小啮齿动物能在很短的时间里挖出一条又长又窄的地道来。
    2 rodents ['rəʊdənt] 1ff5f0f12f2930e77fb620b1471a2124   第10级
    n.啮齿目动物( rodent的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • Rodents carry diseases and are generally regarded as pests. 啮齿目动物传播疾病,常被当作害虫对待。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • Some wild rodents in Africa also harbor the virus. 在非洲,有些野生啮齿动物也是储毒者。 来自辞典例句
    3 trek [trek] 9m8wi   第8级
    vi.作长途艰辛的旅行;n.长途艰苦的旅行
    参考例句:
    • We often go pony-trek in the summer. 夏季我们经常骑马旅行。
    • It took us the whole day to trek across the rocky terrain. 我们花了一整天的时间艰难地穿过那片遍布岩石的地带。
    4 analyzed ['ænəlaɪzd] 483f1acae53789fbee273a644fdcda80   第7级
    v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 );分解;解释;对…进行心理分析
    参考例句:
    • The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程,因为对他来说,爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    5 neural [ˈnjʊərəl] DnXzFt   第10级
    adj.神经的,神经系统的
    参考例句:
    • The neural network can preferably solve the non-linear problem. 利用神经网络建模可以较好地解决非线性问题。
    • The information transmission in neural system depends on neurotransmitters. 信息传递的神经途径有赖于神经递质。
    6 impair [ɪmˈpeə(r)] Ia4x2   第7级
    vt.损害,损伤;削弱,减少
    参考例句:
    • Loud noise can impair your hearing. 巨大的噪音有损听觉。
    • It can not impair the intellectual vigor of the young. 这不能磨灭青年人思想活力。
    7 impaired [ɪm'peəd] sqtzdr   第7级
    adj.受损的;出毛病的;有(身体或智力)缺陷的v.损害,削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 )
    参考例句:
    • Much reading has impaired his vision. 大量读书损害了他的视力。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
    • His hearing is somewhat impaired. 他的听觉已受到一定程度的损害。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
    8 deployed [diˈplɔid] 4ceaf19fb3d0a70e329fcd3777bb05ea   第8级
    (尤指军事行动)使展开( deploy的过去式和过去分词 ); 施展; 部署; 有效地利用
    参考例句:
    • Tanks have been deployed all along the front line. 沿整个前线已部署了坦克。
    • The artillery was deployed to bear on the fort. 火炮是对着那个碉堡部署的。
    9 deficits [ˈdefisits] 08e04c986818dbc337627eabec5b794e   第7级
    n.不足额( deficit的名词复数 );赤字;亏空;亏损
    参考例句:
    • The Ministry of Finance consistently overestimated its budget deficits. 财政部一贯高估预算赤字。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • Many of the world's farmers are also incurring economic deficits. 世界上许多农民还在遭受经济上的亏损。 来自辞典例句
    10 extinction [ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn] sPwzP   第8级
    n.熄灭,消亡,消灭,灭绝,绝种
    参考例句:
    • The plant is now in danger of extinction. 这种植物现在有绝种的危险。
    • The island's way of life is doomed to extinction. 这个岛上的生活方式注定要消失。
    11 affected [əˈfektɪd] TzUzg0   第9级
    adj.不自然的,假装的
    参考例句:
    • She showed an affected interest in our subject. 她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
    • His manners are affected. 他的态度不自然。
    12 tamps [tæmps] 474c4cab62b63ef7cd2130cb5a0e2c6d   第12级
    v.捣固( tamp的第三人称单数 );填充;(用炮泥)封炮眼口;夯实
    参考例句:
    • Garbage collector tamps compacts the managed heap. 垃圾收集器夯实(压缩)托管堆。 来自互联网
    13 prone [prəʊn] 50bzu   第7级
    adj.(to)易于…的,很可能…的;俯卧的
    参考例句:
    • Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions. 有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
    • He is prone to lose his temper when people disagree with him. 人家一不同意他的意见,他就发脾气。
    14 tantalizing ['tæntəlaɪzɪŋ] 3gnzn9   第10级
    adj.逗人的;惹弄人的;撩人的;煽情的v.逗弄,引诱,折磨( tantalize的现在分词 )
    参考例句:
    • This was my first tantalizing glimpse of the islands. 这是我第一眼看见的这些岛屿的动人美景。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • We have only vague and tantalizing glimpses of his power. 我们只能隐隐约约地领略他的威力,的确有一种可望不可及的感觉。 来自英汉非文学 - 历史
    15 musk [mʌsk] v6pzO   第11级
    n.麝香, 能发出麝香的各种各样的植物,香猫
    参考例句:
    • Musk is used for perfume and stimulant. 麝香可以用作香料和兴奋剂。
    • She scented her clothes with musk. 她用麝香使衣服充满了香味。
    16 Founder [ˈfaʊndə(r)] wigxF   第8级
    n.创始者,缔造者
    参考例句:
    • He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school. 他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
    • According to the old tradition, Romulus was the founder of Rome. 按照古老的传说,罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。
    17 colonize [ˈkɒlənaɪz] mqzzM   第9级
    vt.建立殖民地,拓殖;定居,居于;vi.开拓殖民地;移居于殖民地
    参考例句:
    • Around 700 Arabs began to colonize East Africa. 公元700年阿拉伯人开始把东非变为殖民地。
    • Japan used to colonize many countries in Asia. 日本曾经殖民过许多亚洲国家。
    18 caveat [ˈkæviæt] 7rZza   第12级
    n.警告; 防止误解的说明
    参考例句:
    • I would offer a caveat for those who want to join me in the dual calling. 为防止发生误解,我想对那些想要步我后尘的人提出警告。
    • As I have written before, that's quite a caveat. 正如我以前所写,那确实是个警告。
    19 inevitable [ɪnˈevɪtəbl] 5xcyq   第7级
    adj.不可避免的,必然发生的
    参考例句:
    • Mary was wearing her inevitable large hat. 玛丽戴着她总是戴的那顶大帽子。
    • The defeat had inevitable consequences for British policy. 战败对英国政策不可避免地产生了影响。
    20 cognitive [ˈkɒgnətɪv] Uqwz0   第7级
    adj.认知的,认识的,有感知的
    参考例句:
    • As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 孩子们越长越大,他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
    • The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works. 认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。

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