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人类对汪星人的十大误解
添加时间:2018-09-12 16:25:50 浏览次数: 作者:未知
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  • 你大概以为,叫唤的狗很危险,热情的狗就是友好的狗,事实是……

    狗狗的心事你别猜,猜来猜去也猜不明白。狗和人一样,都有自己的个性和喜好,所以它们对事物的感受和反应也是因狗而异。狗狗的真实想法你真的了解吗?

    Myth #1: Dogs have a human appreciation1 of sharing

    误解1:狗像人一样,懂得分享。

    Humans can rationalize and appreciate the benefits of sharing. In contrast, among dogs, possession is ten-tenths of the law.

    人类能够合理分析和重视分享的益处。相反,狗的世界里只有占领。

    So we should not take toys, bones and chews away from dogs unless we have trained them to accept this form of intervention2.

    所以,我们不应该从狗狗那里夺走玩具、骨头、咀嚼物等,除非它们曾接受训练,能够接受这种干预举动。

    Myth #2: Dogs always enjoy common human physical displays of affection

    误解2:狗狗总是享受人类表达感情的举动。

    Humans often show their affection for others by hugging and cuddling them. Dogs simply do not have the limbs and joints3 to achieve this and so have not evolved to give each other a loving squeeze.

    人类通过拥抱和搂抱表达感情。然而,狗没有进化出相应的肢体结构。

    When embraced by humans, many can find this uncomfortable or threatening. The same goes for patting dogs on the head.

    因此,被人类拥抱时,它们常常感到不适或受威胁。拍打狗狗脑袋也是同样的道理。

    Myth #3: Barking and growling4 dogs are always threatening or dangerous

    误解3:叫唤或怒吠的狗一定具有威胁性或很危险。

    These are distance-increasing behaviors. The dogs using these signals are chiefly trying to buy space so they can feel safer. All dogs, regardless of their temperament5 or training, can at times want more space.

    它们之所以叫唤,主要是为了获得更多空间,让自己拥有安全感。无论性情如何,无论是否受过训练,任何狗狗在有些时候都想要有更多的空间。

    They usually try more subtle signalling first, but many dogs learn that subtle signals don't work and go straight for shouting.

    它们通常会先尝试微妙的暗示。不过,很多狗狗知道暗示没用,所以就直接叫唤了。

    Myth #4: Dogs will welcome unfamiliar6 dogs to their home

    误解4:狗会欢迎陌生狗来家里。

    Dogs evolved from wolves and are therefore primed to defend what is theirs. They have an attachment7 to their home territory and the resources within it. Dogs have no way of knowing that the dogs and human we invite around to our home, for example for a play-date, are ever going to leave. They can be forgiven for thinking that this is the way it is going to be from hereon.

    狗从狼演化而来,因此防御性非常强。它们对自家地盘和内部资源具有依恋性。它们不知道我们邀请来的狗狗和客人聚会结束后会离开,很可能以为他们会永远待在此地。

    So it is to be expected that they will often try to lay out the local ground-rules and put the new arrivals in their place.

    因此,它们常常会施展地盘法则,不让新来者“入侵”。

    Myth #5: Dogs like relaxing as much as humans do

    误解5:狗和人一样,喜欢放松。

    We go to work and go to school, so we greatly value the opportunity to chill out at home and maybe watch TV. In contrast, dogs spend most of their time at home and so value exercise off the property far more than time spent on the sofa.

    人类需要上学、上班,因此非常珍视待在家里休息和看电视的时间。狗恰恰相反,它们大部分时间都待在家里,因此更喜欢到户外玩耍,而不是待在沙发上。

    Myth #6: An effusive8 dog is a friendly dog

    误解6:“热情洋溢”的狗是友好的狗。

    "Friendly" for one dog is not friendly for all dogs, and some dogs use excessive friendliness9 as a way to alleviate10 anxiety associated with meeting another dog or human.

    狗狗们表示友好的方式不全都一样。有些狗狗会表现出过分的热情,以缓解和其它狗或人见面的焦虑。

    Owners of very friendly dogs may be surprised when every other dog does not cheerfully receive their dog. Some dogs prefer sedate11 greetings, and lots of personal space.

    一些非常友好的狗狗的主人在其他狗狗没有表现出同样的友好时会感到吃惊。其实,有些狗狗喜欢沉着冷静的打招呼方式和大量的私密空间。

    Myth #7: Dogs approach when they want to engage playfully

    误解7:狗接近对方,是想一起玩耍。

    Sometimes owners are confused when a dog approaches a human or another dog in a friendly fashion and then growls12 or snaps at them.

    有时候,狗狗会以友好姿态接近其它狗或人,然后却开始咆哮或猛咬。这让一些主人感到很迷惑。

    These dogs may be motivated to approach chiefly to gain information, rather than to interact, and some may like strangers in principle, but nevertheless become anxious and overwhelmed all of a sudden.

    它们之所以接近对方,主要是为了获取信息,而非交流互动。有些狗也许喜欢陌生人,但会突然感到焦虑或不知所措。

    If you are seeing this pattern, call your dog away from new dogs and humans after a couple of seconds.

    如果你看到这种现象,就赶紧把狗叫回来。

    Myth #8: A big yard can replace walks

    误解8:院子够大,就可以不遛狗。

    Because dogs spend so much time at home in the yard, they often find the area a little too familiar and sometimes rather dull. The size of a yard is far less important to dogs than what happens in it.

    狗狗一直待在院子里,容易由于太过熟悉而感到无聊。院子大小不重要,有什么活动才重要。

    Dogs truly thrive on play with each other, with us and with toys. They particularly love to do so in a novel environment, so time spent out of the yard is the very best of fun.

    狗狗喜欢玩耍——和主人、和其它狗、和玩具。它们尤其喜欢在新鲜环境里玩耍。所以,出门遛狗最能让狗狗开心。

    Myth #9: Dogs are wilfully13 defiant14 when they don't do as they are told

    误解9:狗不服从命令时,就是存心违抗我们。

    Rather than deciding to disobey us, dogs sometimes simply can't do what we ask them to. Either they don't actually know what we're asking them to do, or they have much, much more pressing things to do at the time.

    有时候,它们不是“决定违抗命令”,只是做不到罢了——要么不知道我们在下达指令,要么正在做更迫切的事情。

    Dogs are not great at generalizing, so just because they sit nicely when asked to in the kitchen when you have treats in your hand doesn't mean they automatically know what "sit" means when they are at the off-leash dog park.

    狗狗不擅长“归纳总结”,因此,“坐”这个指令当你在厨房里手拿狗食的时候也许有效,当你在狗公园里解开狗绳的时候就无效了。

    And while your dogs might know what "sit" means when being trained at home without distractions15, asking them to do so when visitors are at the door.

    另外,你的狗狗在家专心训练时也许知道“坐”的意思,但当客人来访时下指令的话它就会容易不知所措。

    Myth #10: Barking, snapping, or lunging is the first sign of an unhappy dog

    误解10:狗不开心时,第一信号就是叫唤、撕咬和猛扑。

    Dogs often give subtle signs they are becoming anxious, like avoiding eye contact with whatever is worrying them, licking lips, brow furrows16, lifting a paw, tightening17 muscles in their face.

    感到焦虑时,狗狗通常会先传递微妙的信号,例如回避眼神接触、舔嘴唇、皱脑门子、抬起一只爪、面部肌肉紧张。

    If nothing is done to help these dogs move away from whatever is worrying them, these signs can often escalate18 to more troubling behavior that is more obvious, such as growling and snapping.

    如果没有采取任何缓解狗狗焦虑的措施,那么信号才会升级成更明显的令人不安的举动,例如咆哮、撕咬等。

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    1 appreciation [əˌpri:ʃiˈeɪʃn] Pv9zs   第7级
    n.评价;欣赏;感谢;领会,理解;价格上涨
    参考例句:
    • I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to you all. 我想对你们所有人表达我的感激和谢意。
    • I'll be sending them a donation in appreciation of their help. 我将送给他们一笔捐款以感谢他们的帮助。
    2 intervention [ˌɪntə'venʃn] e5sxZ   第7级
    n.介入,干涉,干预
    参考例句:
    • The government's intervention in this dispute will not help. 政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
    • Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention. 许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。
    3 joints [dʒɔints] d97dcffd67eca7255ca514e4084b746e   第7级
    接头( joint的名词复数 ); 关节; 公共场所(尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所) (非正式); 一块烤肉 (英式英语)
    参考例句:
    • Expansion joints of various kinds are fitted on gas mains. 各种各样的伸缩接头被安装在煤气的总管道上了。
    • Expansion joints of various kinds are fitted on steam pipes. 各种各样的伸缩接头被安装在蒸气管道上了。
    4 growling [ɡraulɪŋ] growling   第8级
    n.吠声, 咆哮声 v.怒吠, 咆哮, 吼
    参考例句:
    • We heard thunder growling in the distance. 我们听见远处有隆隆雷声。
    • The lay about the deck growling together in talk. 他们在甲板上到处游荡,聚集在一起发牢骚。
    5 temperament [ˈtemprəmənt] 7INzf   第7级
    n.气质,性格,性情
    参考例句:
    • The analysis of what kind of temperament you possess is vital. 分析一下你有什么样的气质是十分重要的。
    • Success often depends on temperament. 成功常常取决于一个人的性格。
    6 unfamiliar [ˌʌnfəˈmɪliə(r)] uk6w4   第7级
    adj.陌生的,不熟悉的
    参考例句:
    • I am unfamiliar with the place and the people here. 我在这儿人地生疏。
    • The man seemed unfamiliar to me. 这人很面生。
    7 attachment [əˈtætʃmənt] POpy1   第7级
    n.附属物,附件;依恋;依附
    参考例句:
    • She has a great attachment to her sister. 她十分依恋她的姐姐。
    • She's on attachment to the Ministry of Defense. 她现在隶属于国防部。
    8 effusive [ɪˈfju:sɪv] 9qTxf   第9级
    adj.热情洋溢的;感情(过多)流露的
    参考例句:
    • Every visitor noticed that her effusive welcome was not sincere. 所有的客人都看出来她那过分热情的欢迎是不真诚的。
    • Her effusive thanks embarrassed everybody. 她道谢时非常激动,弄得大家不好意思。
    9 friendliness ['frendlɪnəs] nsHz8c   第7级
    n.友谊,亲切,亲密
    参考例句:
    • Behind the mask of friendliness, I know he really dislikes me. 在友善的面具后面,我知道他其实并不喜欢我。
    • His manner was a blend of friendliness and respect. 他的态度友善且毕恭毕敬。
    10 alleviate [əˈli:vieɪt] ZxEzJ   第7级
    vt.减轻,缓和,缓解(痛苦等)
    参考例句:
    • The doctor gave her an injection to alleviate the pain. 医生给她注射以减轻疼痛。
    • Nothing could alleviate his distress. 什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
    11 sedate [sɪˈdeɪt] dDfzH   第10级
    adj.沉着的,镇静的,安静的
    参考例句:
    • After the accident, the doctor gave her some pills to sedate her. 事故发生后,医生让她服了些药片使她镇静下来。
    • We spent a sedate evening at home. 我们在家里过了一个恬静的夜晚。
    12 growls [ɡraulz] 6ffc5e073aa0722568674220be53a9ea   第8级
    v.(动物)发狺狺声, (雷)作隆隆声( growl的第三人称单数 );低声咆哮着说
    参考例句:
    • The dog growls at me. 狗向我狂吠。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
    • The loudest growls have echoed around emerging markets and commodities. 熊嚎之声响彻新兴的市场与商品。 来自互联网
    13 wilfully ['wɪlfəlɪ] dc475b177a1ec0b8bb110b1cc04cad7f   第12级
    adv.任性固执地;蓄意地
    参考例句:
    • Don't wilfully cling to your reckless course. 不要一意孤行。 来自辞典例句
    • These missionaries even wilfully extended the extraterritoriality to Chinese converts and interfered in Chinese judicial authority. 这些传教士还肆意将"治外法权"延伸至中国信徒,干涉司法。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
    14 defiant [dɪˈfaɪənt] 6muzw   第10级
    adj.无礼的,挑战的
    参考例句:
    • With a last defiant gesture, they sang a revolutionary song as they were led away to prison. 他们被带走投入监狱时,仍以最后的反抗姿态唱起了一支革命歌曲。
    • He assumed a defiant attitude toward his employer. 他对雇主采取挑衅的态度。
    15 distractions [dɪˈstrækʃənz] ff1d4018fe7ed703bc7b2e2e97ba2216   第8级
    n.使人分心的事[人]( distraction的名词复数 );娱乐,消遣;心烦意乱;精神错乱
    参考例句:
    • I find it hard to work at home because there are too many distractions. 我发觉在家里工作很难,因为使人分心的事太多。
    • There are too many distractions here to work properly. 这里叫人分心的事太多,使人无法好好工作。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    16 furrows [ˈfɜ:rəʊz] 4df659ff2160099810bd673d8f892c4f   第9级
    n.犁沟( furrow的名词复数 );(脸上的)皱纹v.犁田,开沟( furrow的第三人称单数 )
    参考例句:
    • I could tell from the deep furrows in her forehead that she was very disturbed by the news. 从她额头深深的皱纹上,我可以看出她听了这个消息非常不安。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • Dirt bike trails crisscrossed the grassy furrows. 越野摩托车的轮迹纵横交错地布满条条草沟。 来自辞典例句
    17 tightening ['taɪtnɪŋ] 19aa014b47fbdfbc013e5abf18b64642   第7级
    上紧,固定,紧密
    参考例句:
    • Make sure the washer is firmly seated before tightening the pipe. 旋紧水管之前,检查一下洗衣机是否已牢牢地固定在底座上了。
    • It needs tightening up a little. 它还需要再收紧些。
    18 escalate [ˈeskəleɪt] biszi   第7级
    vt.&vi.(使)逐步增长(或发展),(使)逐步升级
    参考例句:
    • It would tempt Israel's neighbors to escalate their demands. 它将诱使以色列的邻国不断把他们的要求升级。
    • Defeat could cause one side or other to escalate the conflict. 失败可能会导致其中一方将冲突升级。

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