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双语阅读之中国历史:洋务运动
添加时间:2020-03-12 20:53:41 浏览次数: 作者:未知
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  • Qing Dynasty

    清朝

    中英双语史记:洋务运动

    The Westernization Movement

    洋务运动

    The rude realities of the Opium1 War, the unequal treaties, and the mid-century mass uprisings caused Qing courtiers and officials to recognize the need to strengthen China.

    鸦片战争残酷的现实、不平等条约以及中世纪的大规模起义使清朝政府和官员意识到要让国家强大起来。

    Chinese scholars and officials had been examining and translating “Western Learning” since the 1840s.

    中国的学者和官员自19世纪40年代起开始检查翻译“洋学”。

    Under the direction of modern-thinking Han officials, Western science and languages were studied, special schools were opened in the larger cities, and arsenals2, factories, and shipyards were established according to Western models.

    在具有现代性思维的汉家学者的引导下,人们学习了西方的科学和语言,一些大城市开设了特殊的学校,军械库、工厂和船坞也参照西方的模型得到了建造。

    Western diplomatic practices were adopted by the Qing, and students were sent abroad by the government and on individual or community initiative in the hope that national regeneration could be achieved through the application of Western practical methods.

    清朝采纳了西方的外交手段,学生们单独或成团被政府送去海外读书,希望可以通过运用西方的实践方法振兴国家。

    Amid these activities came an attempt to arrest the dynastic decline by restoring the traditional order.

    这些举措致力于通过重建传统秩序来组织朝代的衰败。

    The effort was known as the Tongzhi Restoration, named for the Tongzhi Emperor (1862—1874), and was engineered by the young emperors mother, the Empress Dowager Ci Xi (1835—1908).

    这场努力被称为“同治中兴”,它取自同治皇帝(1862——1874)的名讳,并由这位年轻帝王的母亲,慈禧太后(1835——1908)设计指导。

    The restoration, however, which applied3 “practical knowledge”, while reaffirming the old mentality4, was not a genuine program of modernization5.

    然而,这场革新,在运用“实用性知识”的同时却不断重申老的心态,它并不是一个真正的现代化计划。

    The effort to graft6 Western technology onto Chinese institutions became known as the Self-Strengthening Movement.

    试图将西方的科技嫁接到中国的制度上的尝试开始自“洋务运动”。

    The movement was championed by scholar-generals like Li Hongzhang (1823—1901) and Zuo Zongtang (1812—1885), who had fought with the government forces in the Taiping Rebellion.

    这场运动由士大夫们领导,比如李鸿章(1823——1901)和左宗棠(1812——1885),他们曾在太平起义中与政府军作战。

    From 1861 to 1894, leaders such as these, now turned scholar-administrators, were responsible for establishing modem7 institutions, developing basic industries, communications, and transportation8, and modernizing9 the military.

    1861到1894年间,现在成为大臣们的这些人负责建立了现代的机构,发展基础工业、通信和交通业并是军队现代化。

    But despite its leaders’ accomplishments10, the Self-Strengthening Movement did not recognize the significance of the political institutions and social theories that had fostered Western advances and innovations.

    尽管其领导者成就累累,洋务运动却没有意识到促进西方进步与改革的政治制度和社会理论。

    This weakness led to the movement’s failure.

    这个忽视导致了运动的失败。

    Modernization during this period would have been difficult under the best of circumstances.

    现代化进程在这段时期最好的情况下都很困难。

    The bureaucracy was still deeply influenced by Neo-Confucian orthodoxy.

    官僚机构仍然深受儒家正统思想的影响。

    Chinese society was still reeling from the ravages11 of the Taiping and other rebellions, and foreign encroachments continued to threaten the integrity of China.

    中国社会仍然受到太平军和其他起义的破坏,西方的侵略继续威胁着中国的统一和完整。

    The first step in the foreign powers’ effort to carve up the empire was taken by Russia, which had been expanding into Central Asia.

    西方列强中第一个尝试瓜分中国的是俄国,当时它已经扩张到了中亚地区。

    By the 1850s, tsarist troops also had invaded the Heilong Jiang watershed12 of Manchuria, from which their countrymen had been ejected under the Treaty of Nerchinsk.

    到19世纪50年代,沙皇的部队也向满洲国的黑龙江流域进攻,原本居住在那里的人们受到了《尼布楚条约》的驱逐。

    The Russians used the superior knowledge of China they had acquired through their century-long residence in Beijing to further their aggrandizement13.

    俄国人通过他们居住在北京几个世纪以来获得的有关中国的大量知识来加大扩张。

    In 1860 Russian diplomats14 secured the secession of all of Manchuria north of the Heilong Jiang and east of the Wusuli Jiang (Ussuri River).

    1860年,俄国外交官将黑龙江北部及乌苏里江东部从满洲国分裂出来。

    Foreign encroachments increased after 1860 by means of a series of treaties imposed on China on one pretext15 or another.

    1860年之后,通过条约,一个又一个施加在中国身上的理由加速了西方的入侵。

    The foreign stranglehold on the vital sectors16 of the Chinese economy was reinforced through a lengthening17 list of concessions18.

    西方对于中国重要经济部门的控制由于国家不断的让步而加强。

    Foreign settlements in the treaty ports became extraterritorial sovereign pockets of territories over which China had no jurisdiction20.

    他们在中国通商口岸的驻扎使之成为了西方的境外领土,中国对这些区域却失去了管辖权。

    The safety of these foreign settlements was ensured by the menacing presence of warships21 and gunboats.

    他们具有威慑力的军舰和炮艇保障了这些外国人定居点的安全。

    At this time the foreign powers also took over the peripheral22 states that had acknowledged Chinese suzerainty and given tribute to the emperor.

    这个时期,外国列强还控制了中国周边的国家,这些国家曾承认中国使它们的宗主国并向清朝皇帝进贡。

    France colonized23 Cochin China, as southern Vietnam was then called, and by 1864 established a protectorate over Cambodia. Following a victorious24 war against China in 1884—1885, France also took Annam.

    法国殖民了交趾支那,也就是后来的越南,并在1864年使柬埔寨成为了受保护国。在1884到1885年间战胜中国后,法国又占领了安南。

    Britain gained control over Burma.

    英国获得了缅甸的控制权。

    Russia penetrated25 into Chinese Turkestan (the modern-day Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous26 Region).

    俄国攻入了中国的突厥斯坦(今天的新疆维吾尔自治区)。

    Japan, having emerged from its century-and-a-half-long seclusion27 and having gone through its own modernization movement, defeated China in the war of 1894—1895.

    日本从其长达一个半世纪之久的隐退中兴起,在经历了自己的现代化运动后,于1894到1895年间与中国的战争中胜利。

    The Treaty of Shimonoseki forced China to cede28 Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan, pay a huge indemnity29, permit the establishment of Japanese industries in four treaty ports, and recognize Japanese hegemony over Korea.

    马关条约》迫使中国将台湾和澎湖列岛割让给日本,支付巨额赔偿,允许日本在四个通常口岸建立工厂,并将对韩国的领导权交给日本。

    In 1898 the British acquired a ninety-nine-year lease over the so-called Territories of Kowloon (or Jiulong in pinyin), which increased the size of their Hong Kong colony.

    1898年,英国获得了对九龙地区99年的租期,这扩大了他们香港殖民地的版图。

    Britain, Japan, Russia, Germany, France, and Belgium each gained spheres of influence in China.

    英国、日本、俄国、德国、法国和比利时分别在中国划定了自己的势力范围。

    The United States, which had not acquired any territorial19 cessions, proposed in 1899 that there be an “open door” policy in China, whereby all foreign countries would have equal duties and privileges in all treaty ports within and outside the various spheres of influence.

    美国,由于没有获得任何领土割让,于1899年宣布在中国实行“门户开放”政策,通过这些政策,所有外国列强都在他们势力范围内外的通商口岸获得了平等的义务和特权。

    All but Russia agreed to the United States overture30.

    所有国家除俄国外都同意了美国的提议。

     12级    双语 


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    1 opium [ˈəʊpiəm] c40zw   第8级
    n.鸦片;adj.鸦片的
    参考例句:
    • That man gave her a dose of opium. 那男人给了她一剂鸦片。
    • Opium is classed under the head of narcotic. 鸦片是归入麻醉剂一类的东西。
    2 arsenals [ˈɑ:sənəlz] 8089144f6cfbc1853e8d2b8b9043553d   第11级
    n.兵工厂,军火库( arsenal的名词复数 );任何事物的集成
    参考例句:
    • We possess-each of us-nuclear arsenals capable of annihilating humanity. 我们两国都拥有能够毁灭全人类的核武库。 来自辞典例句
    • Arsenals are factories that produce weapons. 军工厂是生产武器的工厂。 来自互联网
    3 applied [əˈplaɪd] Tz2zXA   第8级
    adj.应用的;v.应用,适用
    参考例句:
    • She plans to take a course in applied linguistics. 她打算学习应用语言学课程。
    • This cream is best applied to the face at night. 这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。
    4 mentality [menˈtæləti] PoIzHP   第8级
    n.心理,思想,脑力
    参考例句:
    • He has many years' experience of the criminal mentality. 他研究犯罪心理有多年经验。
    • Running a business requires a very different mentality from being a salaried employee. 经营企业所要求具备的心态和上班族的心态截然不同。
    5 modernization [ˌmɒdənaɪ'zeɪʃn] nEyxp   第8级
    n.现代化,现代化的事物
    参考例句:
    • This will help us achieve modernization. 这有助于我们实现现代化。
    • The Chinese people are sure to realize the modernization of their country. 中国人民必将实现国家现代化。
    6 graft [grɑ:ft] XQBzg   第8级
    n.移植,嫁接,艰苦工作,贪污;v.移植,嫁接
    参考例句:
    • I am having a skin graft on my arm soon. 我马上就要接受手臂的皮肤移植手术。
    • The minister became rich through graft. 这位部长透过贪污受贿致富。
    7 modem [ˈməʊdem] sEaxr   第8级
    n.调制解调器
    参考例句:
    • Does your computer have a modem? 你的电脑有调制解调器吗?
    • Provides a connection to your computer via a modem. 通过调制解调器连接到计算机上。
    8 transportation [ˌtrænspɔ:ˈteɪʃn] 9mKwv   第8级
    n.运输,运输系统,运输工具
    参考例句:
    • The transportation of goods by air costs a lot. 航空运输货物花费很高。
    • He finally solved the difficulty of transportation. 他终于解决了运输的困难。
    9 modernizing [ˈmɔdəˌnaɪzɪŋ] 44bdb80e6ee4cb51b9829f1073fceee0   第8级
    使现代化,使适应现代需要( modernize的现在分词 ); 现代化,使用现代方法
    参考例句:
    • Modernizing a business to increase its profitability and competitiveness is a complicated affair. 使企业现代化,从而达到增加利润,增强竞争力的目的,是一件复杂的事情。
    • The young engineer had a large share in modernizing the factory. 这位年轻工程师在工厂现代化的过程中尽了很大的“力”。
    10 accomplishments [ə'kʌmplɪʃmənts] 1c15077db46e4d6425b6f78720939d54   第8级
    n.造诣;完成( accomplishment的名词复数 );技能;成绩;成就
    参考例句:
    • It was one of the President's greatest accomplishments. 那是总统最伟大的成就之一。
    • Among her accomplishments were sewing,cooking,playing the piano and dancing. 她的才能包括缝纫、烹调、弹钢琴和跳舞。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
    11 ravages [ˈrævɪdʒɪz] 5d742bcf18f0fd7c4bc295e4f8d458d8   第8级
    劫掠后的残迹,破坏的结果,毁坏后的残迹
    参考例句:
    • the ravages of war 战争造成的灾难
    • It is hard for anyone to escape from the ravages of time. 任何人都很难逃避时间的摧残。
    12 watershed [ˈwɔ:təʃed] jgQwo   第10级
    n.转折点,分水岭,分界线
    参考例句:
    • Our marriage was at a watershed. 我们的婚姻到了一个转折关头。
    • It forms the watershed between the two rivers. 它成了两条河流的分水岭。
    13 aggrandizement [əˈgrændɪzmənt] 392cb35e985d4db27e215635fe7f7c1c   第11级
    n.增大,强化,扩大
    参考例句:
    • Her sole aim is personal aggrandizement. 她唯一的目的就是扩大个人权势。
    • His sole aim is personal aggrandizement. 他唯一的目标就是要扩充个人的权势。 来自辞典例句
    14 diplomats ['dɪpləmæts] ccde388e31f0f3bd6f4704d76a1c3319   第7级
    n.外交官( diplomat的名词复数 );有手腕的人,善于交际的人
    参考例句:
    • These events led to the expulsion of senior diplomats from the country. 这些事件导致一些高级外交官被驱逐出境。
    • The court has no jurisdiction over foreign diplomats living in this country. 法院对驻本国的外交官无裁判权。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    15 pretext [ˈpri:tekst] 1Qsxi   第7级
    n.借口,托词
    参考例句:
    • He used his headache as a pretext for not going to school. 他借口头疼而不去上学。
    • He didn't attend that meeting under the pretext of sickness. 他以生病为借口,没参加那个会议。
    16 sectors ['sektəs] 218ffb34fa5fb6bc1691e90cd45ad627   第7级
    n.部门( sector的名词复数 );领域;防御地区;扇形
    参考例句:
    • Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war. 战后柏林分成了4 个区。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • Industry and agriculture are the two important sectors of the national economy. 工业和农业是国民经济的两个重要部门。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
    17 lengthening [ləŋkθənɪŋ] c18724c879afa98537e13552d14a5b53   第7级
    (时间或空间)延长,伸长( lengthen的现在分词 ); 加长
    参考例句:
    • The evening shadows were lengthening. 残阳下的影子越拉越长。
    • The shadows are lengthening for me. 我的影子越来越长了。 来自演讲部分
    18 concessions [kən'seʃənz] 6b6f497aa80aaf810133260337506fa9   第7级
    n.(尤指由政府或雇主给予的)特许权( concession的名词复数 );承认;减价;(在某地的)特许经营权
    参考例句:
    • The firm will be forced to make concessions if it wants to avoid a strike. 要想避免罢工,公司将不得不作出一些让步。
    • The concessions did little to placate the students. 让步根本未能平息学生的愤怒。
    19 territorial [ˌterəˈtɔ:riəl] LImz4   第10级
    adj.领土的,领地的
    参考例句:
    • The country is fighting to preserve its territorial integrity. 该国在为保持领土的完整而进行斗争。
    • They were not allowed to fish in our territorial waters. 不允许他们在我国领海捕鱼。
    20 jurisdiction [ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn] La8zP   第9级
    n.司法权,审判权,管辖权,控制权
    参考例句:
    • It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free. 我无权将你释放。
    • Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province. 常州隶属江苏省。
    21 warships ['wɔ:ʃɪps] 9d82ffe40b694c1e8a0fdc6d39c11ad8   第8级
    军舰,战舰( warship的名词复数 ); 舰只
    参考例句:
    • The enemy warships were disengaged from the battle after suffering heavy casualties. 在遭受惨重伤亡后,敌舰退出了海战。
    • The government fitted out warships and sailors for them. 政府给他们配备了战舰和水手。
    22 peripheral [pəˈrɪfərəl] t3Oz5   第9级
    adj.周边的,外围的
    参考例句:
    • We dealt with the peripheral aspects of a cost reduction program. 我们谈到了降低成本计划的一些外围问题。
    • The hotel provides the clerk the ticket service and the peripheral traveling consultation. 旅舍提供票务服务和周边旅游咨询。
    23 colonized [ˈkɔləˌnaɪzd] b6d32edf2605d89b4eba608acb0d30bf   第9级
    开拓殖民地,移民于殖民地( colonize的过去式和过去分词 )
    参考例句:
    • The area was colonized by the Vikings. 这一地区曾沦为维京人的殖民地。
    • The British and French colonized the Americas. 英国人和法国人共同在美洲建立殖民地。
    24 victorious [vɪkˈtɔ:riəs] hhjwv   第7级
    adj.胜利的,得胜的
    参考例句:
    • We are certain to be victorious. 我们定会胜利。
    • The victorious army returned in triumph. 获胜的部队凯旋而归。
    25 penetrated ['penɪtreɪtɪd] 61c8e5905df30b8828694a7dc4c3a3e0   第7级
    adj. 击穿的,鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式
    参考例句:
    • The knife had penetrated his chest. 刀子刺入了他的胸膛。
    • They penetrated into territory where no man had ever gone before. 他们已进入先前没人去过的地区。
    26 autonomous [ɔ:ˈtɒnəməs] DPyyv   第9级
    adj.自治的;独立的
    参考例句:
    • They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province. 他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
    • This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region. 这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。
    27 seclusion [sɪˈklu:ʒn] 5DIzE   第11级
    n.隐遁,隔离
    参考例句:
    • She liked to sunbathe in the seclusion of her own garden. 她喜欢在自己僻静的花园里晒日光浴。
    • I live very much in seclusion these days. 这些天我过着几乎与世隔绝的生活。
    28 cede [si:d] iUVys   第10级
    vt.割让,放弃
    参考例句:
    • The debater refused to cede the point to her opponent. 辩论者拒绝向她的对手放弃其主张。
    • Not because I'm proud. In fact, in front of you I cede all my pride. 这不是因为骄傲,事实上我在你面前毫无骄傲可言。
    29 indemnity [ɪnˈdemnəti] O8RxF   第9级
    n.赔偿,赔款,补偿金
    参考例句:
    • They paid an indemnity to the victim after the accident. 他们在事故后向受害者付了赔偿金。
    • Under this treaty, they were to pay an indemnity for five million dollars. 根据这项条约,他们应赔款500万美元。
    30 overture [ˈəʊvətʃʊə(r)] F4Lza   第9级
    n.前奏曲、序曲,提议,提案,初步交涉
    参考例句:
    • The opera was preceded by a short overture. 这部歌剧开始前有一段简短的序曲。
    • His overture led to nothing. 他的提议没有得到什么结果。

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