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德国 未来的欧洲第一绿色大国
添加时间:2015-05-11 17:47:45 浏览次数: 作者:未知
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  • BERLIN — A week at the American Academy in Berlin leaves me with two contradictory1 feelings: one is that Germany today deserves a Nobel Peace Prize, and the other is that Germany tomorrow will have to overcome its deeply ingrained post-World War II pacifism and become a more serious, activist2 global power. And I say both as a compliment.

    柏林——在柏林美国学院(American Academy)度过的一周,给我留下两个相互矛盾的感受:一是今天的德国理应得到一座诺贝尔和平奖,二是明天的德国必须摒弃二战以来根深蒂固的和平主义,成为一股更威严、更主动的全球力量。两者都是一种赞誉。

    On the first point, what the Germans have done in converting almost 30 percent of their electric grid3 to solar and wind energy from near zero in about 15 years has been a great contribution to the stability of our planet and its climate. The centerpiece of the German Energiewende, or energy transformation4, was an extremely generous “feed-in tariff5” that made it a no-brainer for Germans to install solar power (or wind) at home and receive a predictable high price for the energy generated off their own rooftops.

    关于第一点,德国人已经把电网中将近三成的电力来源转换成太阳能和风能,大概15年前这个比例接近零,这对我们这个星球和气候的稳定性是有重大意义的。德国的Energiewende(能源转型)的核心是“上网电价补贴”(feed-in tariff),该政策给出的条件极为优厚,让德国人毫不犹豫地开始在家中安装太阳能(或风能),而且自家屋顶产生的能源能够卖出可预见的高价。

    There is no denying that the early days of the feed-in tariff were expensive. The subsidies6 cost billions of euros, paid for through a surcharge on everyone’s electric bill. But the goal was not simply to buy more renewable energy: It was to create demand that would drive down the cost of solar and wind to make them mainstream7, affordable8 options. And, in that, Energiewende has been an undiluted success. With price drops of more than 80 percent for solar, and 55 percent for wind, zero-carbon energy is now competitive with fossil fuels here.

    不可否认的是,上网电价补贴在初期代价会非常大。数十亿欧元的补贴,是通过增收所有人的电费来支付的。但这样做的目的不只是购买更多可再生能源:它要创造需求,以压低太阳能和风能的成本,把它们变成主流的、廉价的能源选项。在这一点上,Energiewende获得了无可争议的成功。太阳能电价降幅超80%,风能降幅55%,现在零排放能源跟化石燃料比是有竞争力的。

    “In my view the greatest success of the German energy transition was giving a boost to the Chinese solar panel industry,” said Ralf Fücks, the president of the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, the German Green Party’s political foundation. “We created the mass market, and that led to the increased productivity and dramatic decrease in cost.” And all this in a country whose northern tip is the same latitude9 as the southern tip of Alaska!

    “在我看来,德国能源转型的最大成功在于促进了中国太阳能产业的发展,”德国绿党(Green Party)下属政治基金会海因里希·伯尔(Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung)的会长阿尔夫·富克斯(Ralf Fücks)说。“我们在这一领域创造了大众市场,从而提高生产效率,大幅压低成本。”这一切,都是由一个国土北端跟阿拉斯加南端在同一纬度上的国家实现的!

    This is a world-saving achievement. And, happily, as the price fell, the subsidies for new installations also dropped. The Germans who installed solar ended up making money, which is why the program remains10 popular, except in coal-producing regions. Today, more than 1.4 million German households and cooperatives are generating their own solar/wind electricity. “There are now a thousand energy cooperatives operated by private people,” said the energy economist11 Claudia Kemfert.

    这是一项拯救世界的成就。而且令人欣喜的是,随着价格的下降,对新装用户的补贴也下降了。安装了太阳能板的德国人最终是赚钱的,这就是为什么该项目始终很受欢迎,只有产煤区例外。目前德国有140多万户家庭和协作组织在使用自己的太阳能/风能电力。“现在有上千个私立能源协作组织在运行,”能源经济学家克劳迪娅·肯福尔特(Claudia Kemfert)说。

    Oliver Krischer, the vice12 chairman of the Green Party’s parliamentary group, told me: “I have a friend who comes home, and, if the sun is shining, he doesn’t even say hello to his wife. He first goes downstairs and looks at the meter to see what [electricity] he has produced himself. ... The idea now is that energy is something you can [produce] on your own. It’s a new development.” And it has created so much pushback against the country’s four major coal/nuclear utilities that one of them, E.On, just split into two companies — one focusing on squeezing the last profits from coal, oil, gas and nuclear, while the other focuses on renewables. Germans jokingly call them “E.Off” and “E.On.”

    绿党议会党团副主席奥列佛·科舍尔(Oliver Krischer)告诉我:“我有个朋友,在有太阳的日子,到家都顾不上跟妻子打招呼,会径直到楼下去查电表,看看自己发了多少[电]。现在有了能源可以自己来[生产]的观念。这是个进展。”该国的四大煤电/核电公司受到极大冲击,以至于其中意昂集团(E.On)分拆成了两个公司——一个专注于榨取煤炭、石油、天然气和核能最后的一点利润,另一个专注可再生能源。德国人开玩笑说它们分别叫“E.Off”和“E.On”。

    One problem: Germany still has tons of cheap, dirty lignite coal that is used as backup power for wind and solar, because cleaner natural gas is more expensive and nuclear is being phased out.

    这里有一个问题:德国仍然有大量廉价、肮脏的褐煤,用来作为风能和太阳能的后备,因为更清洁的天然气要更贵,而核能正被逐步淘汰。

    So if that’s the story on renewable power, how about national power? Two generations after World War II, Germany’s reticence13 to project any power outside its borders is deeply ingrained in the political psyche14 here. That is a good thing, given Germany’s past. But it is not sustainable. There is an impressive weight to Germany today — derived15 from the quality of its governing institution, its rule of law, and the sheer power of its economy built on midsize businesses — that is unique in Europe.

    可再生电力是这样,那么国家势力的情况如何呢?经过二战后两代人的发展,不愿意将自己的力量伸展到国境之外的心态,已在德国政治中深深扎根。考虑到历史,这是好事。但这是不可持续的。以当今德国的地位之重要,在欧洲绝无仅有——这是源于它在行政制度、法治方面的高水准,以及基于中型企业的强势经济。

    When you talk to German officials about Greece, their main complaint is not about Greek fiscal16 policy, which is better lately, but about the rot and corruption17 in Greece’s governing institutions. The Greeks “couldn’t implement18 the structural19 reforms they needed if they wanted to,” one German financial official said to me. Athens’s institutions are a mess.

    当你跟德国官员谈起希腊时,他们的主要不满不是希腊的财政政策——这方面近来已经好转了——而是它的政府机构的腐败。一位德国财政官员跟我说,希腊人“无法实施结构性改革,有这个意愿也做不到。”希腊的政府部门一团糟。

    With America less interested in Europe, Britain fading away both from the European Union and the last vestiges20 of it being a global military power, France and Italy economically hobbled and most NATO members shrinking their defense21 budgets, I don’t see how Germany avoids exercising more leadership. Its economic sanctions are already the most important counter to Russian aggression22 in Ukraine. And in the Mediterranean23 Sea, where Europe now faces a rising tide of refugees (and where Russia and China just announced that their navies will hold a joint exercise in mid-May), Germany will have to catalyze24 some kind of E.U. naval25 response.

    美国对欧洲的兴趣在减少,英国正淡出欧盟,而最后仅存的那点作为全球性军事力量的身份,也将荡然无存,法国和意大利的经济不振,大多数北约(NATO)国家都在缩减国防预算,德国发挥更多领导作用,在我看来是不可避免的。它对俄罗斯的经济制裁,目前是对抗该国对乌克兰的进犯的最重要手段。此外在地中海,欧洲要面对一股越来越汹涌的难民潮(而俄罗斯和中国刚宣布,两国海军五月中旬会在那里举行联合军事演习),德国别无选择,只能力主欧盟海上力量进行某种回应。

    The relative weight of German power vis-à-vis the rest of Europe just keeps growing, but don’t say that out loud here. A German foreign policy official put their dilemma26 this way: “We have to get used to assuming more leadership and be aware of how reluctant others are to have Germany lead — so we have to do it through the E.U.”

    德国跟其他欧洲国家在影响力上的差距还会进一步拉大,但话不能说太直白。一位德国外交政策官员表达了他们的两难境地:“我们要做好担负更多领导角色的准备,并且要清楚,其他国家有多不情愿让德国来带头——所以我们必须通过欧盟行事。”

    Here’s my prediction: Germany will be Europe’s first green, solar-powered superpower. Can those attributes coexist in one country, you ask? They’re going to have to.

    我的预测:德国会是欧洲第一个绿色的、由太阳能驱动的超级大国。你也许会问,一个国家能同时具备这几个属性吗?他们别无选择。

     11级    双语 


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    1 contradictory [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri] VpazV   第8级
    adj.反驳的,反对的,抗辩的;n.正反对,矛盾对立
    参考例句:
    • The argument is internally contradictory. 论据本身自相矛盾。
    • What he said was self-contradictory. 他讲话前后不符。
    2 activist [ˈæktɪvɪst] gyAzO   第7级
    n.活动分子,积极分子
    参考例句:
    • He's been a trade union activist for many years. 多年来他一直是工会的积极分子。
    • He is a social activist in our factory. 他是我厂的社会活动积极分子。
    3 grid [grɪd] 5rPzpK   第9级
    n.高压输电线路网;地图坐标方格;格栅
    参考例句:
    • In this application, the carrier is used to encapsulate the grid. 在这种情况下,要用载体把格栅密封起来。
    • Modern gauges consist of metal foil in the form of a grid. 现代应变仪则由网格形式的金属片组成。
    4 transformation [ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn] SnFwO   第7级
    n.变化;改造;转变
    参考例句:
    • Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook. 上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。
    • He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband. 他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。
    5 tariff [ˈtærɪf] mqwwG   第7级
    n.关税,税率;(旅馆、饭店等)价目表,收费表
    参考例句:
    • There is a very high tariff on jewelry. 宝石类的关税率很高。
    • The government is going to lower the tariff on importing cars. 政府打算降低进口汽车的关税。
    6 subsidies [ˈsʌbsidiz] 84c7dc8329c19e43d3437248757e572c   第7级
    n.补贴,津贴,补助金( subsidy的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • European agriculture ministers failed to break the deadlock over farm subsidies. 欧洲各国农业部长在农业补贴问题上未能打破僵局。
    • Agricultural subsidies absorb about half the EU's income. 农业补贴占去了欧盟收入的大约一半。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    7 mainstream [ˈmeɪnstri:m] AoCzh9   第8级
    n.(思想或行为的)主流;adj.主流的
    参考例句:
    • Their views lie outside the mainstream of current medical opinion. 他们的观点不属于当今医学界观点的主流。
    • Polls are still largely reflects the mainstream sentiment. 民调还在很大程度上反映了社会主流情绪。
    8 affordable [ə'fɔ:dəbl] kz6zfq   第8级
    adj.支付得起的,不太昂贵的
    参考例句:
    • The rent for the four-roomed house is affordable. 四居室房屋的房租付得起。
    • There are few affordable apartments in big cities. 在大城市中没有几所公寓是便宜的。
    9 latitude [ˈlætɪtju:d] i23xV   第7级
    n.纬度,行动或言论的自由(范围),(pl.)地区
    参考例句:
    • The latitude of the island is 20 degrees south. 该岛的纬度是南纬20度。
    • The two cities are at approximately the same latitude. 这两个城市差不多位于同一纬度上。
    10 remains [rɪˈmeɪnz] 1kMzTy   第7级
    n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
    参考例句:
    • He ate the remains of food hungrily. 他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
    • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog. 残羹剩饭喂狗了。
    11 economist [ɪˈkɒnəmɪst] AuhzVs   第8级
    n.经济学家,经济专家,节俭的人
    参考例句:
    • He cast a professional economist's eyes on the problem. 他以经济学行家的眼光审视这个问题。
    • He's an economist who thinks he knows all the answers. 他是个经济学家,自以为什么都懂。
    12 vice [vaɪs] NU0zQ   第7级
    n.坏事;恶习;[pl.]台钳,老虎钳;adj.副的
    参考例句:
    • He guarded himself against vice. 他避免染上坏习惯。
    • They are sunk in the depth of vice. 他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。
    13 reticence ['retɪsns] QWixF   第11级
    n.沉默,含蓄
    参考例句:
    • He breaks out of his normal reticence and tells me the whole story. 他打破了平时一贯沈默寡言的习惯,把事情原原本本都告诉了我。
    • He always displays a certain reticence in discussing personal matters. 他在谈论个人问题时总显得有些保留。
    14 psyche [ˈsaɪki] Ytpyd   第11级
    n.精神;灵魂;心智
    参考例句:
    • His exploration of the myth brings insight into the American psyche. 他对这个神话的探讨揭示了美国人的心理。
    • She spent her life plumbing the mysteries of the human psyche. 她毕生探索人类心灵的奥秘。
    15 derived [dɪ'raɪvd] 6cddb7353e699051a384686b6b3ff1e2   第7级
    vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取
    参考例句:
    • Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    16 fiscal [ˈfɪskl] agbzf   第8级
    adj.财政的,会计的,国库的,国库岁入的
    参考例句:
    • The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy. 增税是一项重要的财政政策。
    • The government has two basic strategies of fiscal policy available. 政府有两个可行的财政政策基本战略。
    17 corruption [kəˈrʌpʃn] TzCxn   第7级
    n.腐败,堕落,贪污
    参考例句:
    • The people asked the government to hit out against corruption and theft. 人民要求政府严惩贪污盗窃。
    • The old man reviled against corruption. 那老人痛斥了贪污舞弊。
    18 implement [ˈɪmplɪment] WcdzG   第7级
    n.(pl.)工具,器具;vt.实行,实施,执行
    参考例句:
    • Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it. 不要承担一项计划,除非你能完成这项计划。
    • The best implement for digging a garden is a spade. 在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。
    19 structural [ˈstrʌktʃərəl] itXw5   第8级
    adj.构造的,组织的,建筑(用)的
    参考例句:
    • The storm caused no structural damage. 风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
    • The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities. 北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。
    20 vestiges ['vestɪdʒɪz] abe7c965ff1797742478ada5aece0ed3   第10级
    残余部分( vestige的名词复数 ); 遗迹; 痕迹; 毫不
    参考例句:
    • the last vestiges of the old colonial regime 旧殖民制度最后的残余
    • These upright stones are the vestiges of some ancient religion. 这些竖立的石头是某种古代宗教的遗迹。
    21 defense [dɪ'fens] AxbxB   第7级
    n.防御,保卫;[pl.]防务工事;辩护,答辩
    参考例句:
    • The accused has the right to defense. 被告人有权获得辩护。
    • The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers. 战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。
    22 aggression [əˈgreʃn] WKjyF   第8级
    n.进攻,侵略,侵犯,侵害
    参考例句:
    • So long as we are firmly united, we need fear no aggression. 只要我们紧密地团结,就不必惧怕外来侵略。
    • Her view is that aggression is part of human nature. 她认为攻击性是人类本性的一部份。
    23 Mediterranean [ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən] ezuzT   第7级
    adj.地中海的;地中海沿岸的
    参考例句:
    • The houses are Mediterranean in character. 这些房子都属地中海风格。
    • Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean. 直布罗陀是地中海的要冲。
    24 catalyze ['kætəlaɪz] BTiyV   第11级
    vt.催化
    参考例句:
    • They are highly specific for the reactions that they catalyze. 它们对被它们催化的反应有很强的专一性。
    • Modern technology catalyzed tremendous economic growth in China. 现代技术促成了中国经济的巨大发展。
    25 naval [ˈneɪvl] h1lyU   第7级
    adj.海军的,军舰的,船的
    参考例句:
    • He took part in a great naval battle. 他参加了一次大海战。
    • The harbour is an important naval base. 该港是一个重要的海军基地。
    26 dilemma [dɪˈlemə] Vlzzf   第7级
    n.困境,进退两难的局面
    参考例句:
    • I am on the horns of a dilemma about the matter. 这件事使我进退两难。
    • He was thrown into a dilemma. 他陷入困境。

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