Babies and toddlers should not be left to passively watch TV or other screens, according to new World Health Organization guidelines.

根据世界卫生组织新发布的指导方针，不应该让婴幼儿被动地看电视或其他屏幕。

Sedentary screen time, including computer games, should not happen before a child is two, the WHO says.

世界卫生组织称，两岁以下的幼儿不能久坐不动地看屏幕，包括玩电脑游戏。

The limit for two- to four-year-olds is an hour a day and less is better.

两岁到四岁的幼童每天看屏幕的时间最好不要超过一个小时。

The new WHO advice focuses on passive viewing - youngsters being placed in front of a TV or computer screen or handed a tablet or mobile phone for entertainment - and is aimed at tackling child inactivity, a leading risk factor for global mortality and obesity-related ill health.

世界卫生组织的新指导意见主要关注被动看屏幕的现象——小孩被放在电视机或电脑前，或让孩子玩平板电脑或手机，该指导意见的目标是解决儿童缺乏活动的问题，活动量不足是造成全球死亡和肥胖相关疾病的首要风险因素。

It is the first time the WHO has made recommendations on physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep for children under five.

这是世界卫生组织首次对五岁以下儿童的身体活动、久坐行为和睡眠提出建议。

As well as warning against passive screen time, it says babies should not spend longer than an hour at a time strapped¹ into a buggy, car seat or sling².

除了对被动屏幕时间提出警告，世界卫生组织还指出，宝宝坐在婴儿车（童车）、车座或背带上的时间一次不能超过一个小时。

For babies:

婴儿：

Be physically³ active several times a day, including at least 30 minutes' "tummy time" - lying on their front每天做数次运动，包括至少30分钟的俯卧

No sedentary screen time

不能久坐看屏幕

14-17 hours' sleep a day, including naps, for newborns - reducing to 12-16 by four to 11 months新生儿每天睡14到17个小时（包括打盹），4-11月婴儿每天睡12到 16个小时Should not be restrained (ie strapped into a recliner, seat or sling) for more than an hour at a time坐在躺椅、座椅或背带上一次不能超过一个小时

For one- and two-year-olds:

一岁到两岁幼儿：

At least three hours' physical activity a day每天至少活动三个小时

No sedentary screen time for one-year-olds and less than an hour for two-year-olds一岁幼儿不能久坐看屏幕，两岁幼儿看屏幕时间要少于1个小时11-14 hours' sleep a day, including naps

每天睡11到14个小时，包括打盹

Should not be restrained for more than an hour at a time or sit for extended periods of time坐在童车、背带或座椅上的时间一次不能超过一个小时For three- and four-year-olds:

三岁到四岁儿童：

At least three hours' physical activity a day, including at least one of moderate or vigorous intensity每天至少活动三个小时，包括至少一次中高强度的锻炼Up to an hour of sedentary screen time - less is better久坐看屏幕的时间最好不要超过一个小时

10-13 hours' sleep a day, which may include a nap每天睡10到13个小时，包括午休

Should not be restrained for more than an hour at a time or sit for extended periods of time坐在童车或座椅上的时间一次不能超过一个小时

The WHO advice is based on available evidence, but there is still a lack of definitive⁴ research into the harms and possible benefits of screen use.

世界卫生组织的建议是基于能获得的证据，但对于屏幕使用的危害和潜在的益处还没有确切的研究结果。

However, it was unlikely very young children gained from passive, sedentary viewing, said one of the guideline authors, Dr Juana Willumsen.

但是，指导方针的作者之一胡安娜·维卢姆森博士说，太小的孩子不太可能从被动、久坐的屏幕时间获益。

"Children need to be given opportunities throughout the day to actively⁵ play and we should be reducing sedentary, passive screen time," she said.

她说：“应该让孩子有机会在一天中活跃地玩耍，减少久坐、被动的屏幕时间。”

In the US, experts say children should not use screens before they are 18 months old.

在美国，专家称孩子在满18个月之前都不能看屏幕。

In Canada, screen time for children younger than two is not recommended.

在加拿大，两岁以下幼童不建议看屏幕。

Dr Max Davie, from the RCPCH, said: "The restricted screen time limits suggested by the WHO do not seem proportionate to the potential harm.

英国皇家儿科医学院的麦克斯·戴维医生说：“世界卫生组织建议的屏幕时间限制和看屏幕的潜在危害似乎不成比例。”

"Our research has shown that currently there is not strong enough evidence to support the setting of screen time limits. "“我们的研究显示，目前没有强有力的证据足以支持世卫组织提出的屏幕时间限制。”

Paula Morton, a teacher and mother of two young children, said her son learned a lot from watching programs about dinosaurs⁶ and came out with "random⁷ facts about them".

宝拉·莫尔顿是一名老师，也是两个小孩的母亲，她说她的儿子从观看恐龙节目中学到了很多东西，了解到了关于恐龙的一些冷知识。

"He doesn't just sit there and zone out," she said. "He's obviously thinking and using his brain.

她说：“他并不是坐在那里脑袋空空。他显然是在动脑筋思考。

"I don't know how I would make the dinner, cook and clean if he didn't have something to watch."“如果不让他看点什么，我不知道我要怎么做饭和打扫。”

Is screen time controlled?

屏幕时间是否得到控制？

Does screen use interfere⁸ with what your family want to do?

屏幕使用是否干扰了家庭计划？

Does screen use interfere with sleep?

屏幕使用是否干扰了睡眠？

Are you able to control snacking during screen time?

你能控制孩子在屏幕时间不吃零食吗？

If a family are satisfied with their answers to these questions, then they are likely to be handling screen time well, the college says.

学院表示，如果对于这些问题一个家庭能给出满意的答案，那他们就能妥善处理屏幕时间的问题。