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美国在宗教信仰上的“矛盾”
添加时间:2020-03-17 21:03:56 浏览次数: 作者:未知
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  • The Problems in American Religious

    The U.S. A.is a religious world in which people have fervent1 religious beliefs.Some of the small sects2 are extremely intolerant.Some are rather emotional;some are odd and brutal3; and some others are hysterical4.It is said that there is a small religious group,whose members cut their hair clean and wear wigs5 and leather shoes.They commit many kinds of crime,robbery,and trafficking in narcotic6 drugs. Some of them even store guns and bullets.There is another small religious group called the People’s Temple.This group declared that its followers7 are about two million.The founder8 is Jones.He said he and his followers would try to realize socialism" and build up a“Christian Socialist9 Commune”He took advantage of the superstition10 of his men who lacked spiritual ballast.Once people joined this group,they could not quit,They would be under the control of Jones.If a husband and a wife want to live together,they had to get the permission from Jones. But Jones could cohabit freely with any woman. In order to keep all this inside story,Jones,in 1974,moved the People’s Temple to a wood near George town,capital of Guiana.In 1977,someone accused Jones of kidnapping,and criticized that the People’s Temple violated people’s own will.Then an American ConGREssman11 with three journalists went to investigate. They encountered sudden attack and they were all shot dead on the spot.Then Jones felt that the People’s Temple would come to an end,and he ordered that every member should commit suicide by drinking a kind of venom12.Those who were reluctant were forced to drink.Anyone who wanted to escape would be shot. On November 22nd,1978 in a wood near Georgetown,a shocking tragedy happened.Altogether 914 people,including Jones and his wife and children, committed collective suicide.

    All these religious problems are also social problems. In such a highly developed capitalist world, the economic declining, constant unemployment, the disintegration13 of families——all these make people all the more crazy for religion.

    美国在宗教信仰上的“矛盾”

    美国宗教是一个典型的存在于美国的矛盾问题。美国自建国以来,就非常注意把教会与国家,宗教与政府分开,以免宗教问题溶入政治,妨碍政治决策,国家问题带上宗教色彩。美国宪法,特别是第一条修正案,规定政府不得对任何一种宗教给予优惠待遇。因此,美国没有教会税,没有官方的国家教会或受官方资助的宗教,也没有任何法定的宗教节假日。例如,圣诞节是基督教徒的重大节日,但国会并不宣布它为假日,否则就是违反宪法。美国没有一个政党的名称中含有“基督教”这个词,好像宗教与政治不沾边。然而,美国总统宣誓就职,要把手放在《圣经》上,现任美国总统小布什要定期去做礼拜。美国的政府官员大都有自己信仰的宗教。美国小学生宣誓忠于美国的誓词上也出现上帝的词汇。前不久,一位没有宗教信仰的家长状告美国政府不该把宗教信仰强加给公民,因为他的女儿必须读这样的誓词。这在国会议员中引起轩然大波,群情激动,表示一定要打赢这场官司——这或许就是美国式的矛盾。

    尽管美国宪法规定政府不得对任何一种宗教给予优惠待遇,但也不得干涉公民信教的自由,事实上,美国是个宗教国家,平均每100个美国人中就有63人是教会成员,其他人虽不属于某一宗教组组织但也有不同程度的宗教信仰,不信教者只占3%。对于美国人来说宗教不仅仅是一种信仰,而且是一种精神,它渗透在美国人生活的各个方面,美国人的一生都和宗教紧密相连,无论是出生、结婚、还是患病、死亡,都得举行宗教仪式。最近一次的盖洛普民意测验,进一步说明了宗教信仰在美国人生活中所占的重要地位。在接受测验的1500个成年人中,66%的人把上帝看作他们一举一动的“法官”,87%的人每天都向上帝祈祷,以前一般都是上了年岁的人、患病的人、生活境况不佳的人向上帝祈祷,现在大批受过高等教育、生活富裕、年富力强的人也虔诚地向上帝祈祷,以达到精神上的满足。据最近调查,75%的美国人每周至少祈祷一次,其中52%的人每天至少祈祷一次。美国人把自己工作上的成就、地位的提高、生活的改善都视为是上帝对他们保护和恩赐的结果。一个美国人如果参加了宗教组织,他便在社会上获得了某种身份和地位,精神上便会感到安慰,别人也不会对他另眼相看。为此,他们也更加虔诚地按上帝的标准做人。美国人传统价值观中的许多成份,如平等自由、友爱互助、同情弱者、尊重他人、自尊自爱、自强自立都源于宗教信念中所提倡的价值准则和处世哲学。总而言之,美国人的价值观念、生活态度以及道德标准在相当大大程度上受宗教思想的影响,宗教是美国人精神生活的支柱。

    宗教虽然在许多美国人的生活中起着重要的作用,但它对政治事务的实际影响却很小,特别是在国家一级。举例来说,有些美国人曾担心,支持里根总统的保守的宗教团体可能在80年代影响国家政策,而今天证明这种担心是夸大了的。美国幅员广阔,一向容纳异教,法律规定教会与政府必须分离,美国人的宗教背景又各式各样,凡此种种都使宗教不能对政治起任何重大影响。与西方许多其他国家相比,宗教对政治体制的影响,在美国算是最微小的了。

     12级    双语 


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    1 fervent [ˈfɜ:vənt] SlByg   第8级
    adj.热的,热烈的,热情的
    参考例句:
    • It was a debate which aroused fervent ethical arguments. 那是一场引发强烈的伦理道德争论的辩论。
    • Austria was among the most fervent supporters of Adolf Hitler. 奥地利是阿道夫希特勒最狂热的支持者之一。
    2 sects [sekts] a3161a77f8f90b4820a636c283bfe4bf   第9级
    n.宗派,教派( sect的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • Members of these sects are ruthlessly persecuted and suppressed. 这些教派的成员遭到了残酷的迫害和镇压。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • He had subdued the religious sects, cleaned up Saigon. 他压服了宗教派别,刷新了西贡的面貌。 来自辞典例句
    3 brutal [ˈbru:tl] bSFyb   第7级
    adj.残忍的,野蛮的,不讲理的
    参考例句:
    • She has to face the brutal reality. 她不得不去面对冷酷的现实。
    • They're brutal people behind their civilised veneer. 他们表面上温文有礼,骨子里却是野蛮残忍。
    4 hysterical [hɪˈsterɪkl] 7qUzmE   第9级
    adj.情绪异常激动的,歇斯底里般的
    参考例句:
    • He is hysterical at the sight of the photo. 他一看到那张照片就异常激动。
    • His hysterical laughter made everybody stunned. 他那歇斯底里的笑声使所有的人不知所措。
    5 wigs [wiɡz] 53e7a1f0d49258e236f1a412f2313400   第8级
    n.假发,法官帽( wig的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • They say that wigs will be coming in again this year. 据说今年又要流行戴假发了。 来自辞典例句
    • Frank, we needed more wigs than we thought, and we have to do some advertising. 弗兰克,因为我们需要更多的假发,而且我们还要做点广告。 来自电影对白
    6 narcotic [nɑ:ˈkɒtɪk] u6jzY   第9级
    n.麻醉药,镇静剂;adj.麻醉的,催眠的
    参考例句:
    • Opium is classed under the head of narcotic. 鸦片是归入麻醉剂一类的东西。
    • No medical worker is allowed to prescribe any narcotic drug for herself. 医务人员不得为自己开处方使用麻醉药品。
    7 followers ['fɔ:ləʊəz] 5c342ee9ce1bf07932a1f66af2be7652   第7级
    追随者( follower的名词复数 ); 用户; 契据的附面; 从动件
    参考例句:
    • the followers of Mahatma Gandhi 圣雄甘地的拥护者
    • The reformer soon gathered a band of followers round him. 改革者很快就获得一群追随者支持他。
    8 Founder [ˈfaʊndə(r)] wigxF   第8级
    n.创始者,缔造者
    参考例句:
    • He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school. 他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
    • According to the old tradition, Romulus was the founder of Rome. 按照古老的传说,罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。
    9 socialist [ˈsəʊʃəlɪst] jwcws   第7级
    n.社会主义者;adj.社会主义的
    参考例句:
    • China is a socialist country, and a developing country as well. 中国是一个社会主义国家,也是一个发展中国家。
    • His father was an ardent socialist. 他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。
    10 superstition [ˌsu:pəˈstɪʃn] VHbzg   第7级
    n.迷信,迷信行为
    参考例句:
    • It's a common superstition that black cats are unlucky. 认为黑猫不吉祥是一种很普遍的迷信。
    • Superstition results from ignorance. 迷信产生于无知。
    11 Congressman [ˈkɒŋgresmən] TvMzt7   第8级
    n.(美)国会议员
    参考例句:
    • He related several anecdotes about his first years as a congressman. 他讲述自己初任议员那几年的几则轶事。
    • The congressman is meditating a reply to his critics. 这位国会议员正在考虑给他的批评者一个答复。
    12 venom [ˈvenəm] qLqzr   第10级
    n.毒液,恶毒,痛恨
    参考例句:
    • The snake injects the venom immediately after biting its prey. 毒蛇咬住猎物之后马上注入毒液。
    • In fact, some components of the venom may benefit human health. 事实上,毒液的某些成分可能有益于人类健康。
    13 disintegration [dɪsˌɪntɪ'ɡreɪʃn] TtJxi   第10级
    n.分散,解体
    参考例句:
    • This defeat led to the disintegration of the empire. 这次战败道致了帝国的瓦解。
    • The incident has hastened the disintegration of the club. 这一事件加速了该俱乐部的解体。

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