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双语阅读之中国历史:明末农民起义
添加时间:2020-03-12 20:16:30 浏览次数: 作者:未知
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  • At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was corrupt1 in politics.

    明朝后期,政治腐朽。

    双语阅读之中国历史:明末农民起义

    The emperor often did not go to court and the government was in the control of the eunuchs. The eunuchs practiced graft2 and accepted bribes3, sold and bought positions and scrambled4 for the rights and interests, which deepened the social crisis.

    皇帝经常不上朝,国家大权由宦官掌握,他们贪污受贿,卖官鬻爵,争权夺利,加深了社会的危机。

    In 1594, Langzhong of the Board of the Civil Office, Gu Xiancheng, was removed from his office and returned to his hometown, Wuxi. He taught together with Gao Panlong and Qian Yiben and so on in the Donglin Academy. They discussed the governmental administration, criticized the groups in office. They were supported by most of the scholar-officials and were called the Donglin Party.

    1594年,吏部郎中顾宪成被革职还乡到了无锡,与髙攀龙、钱一本等在东林书院讲学,他们议论朝政,批评当权集团,得到部分士大夫的支持,被称为“东林党”。

    The Donglin Party disapproved5 of Shenzong,s dethroning the oldest son to‘ be the successor with the substitute of the younger one, they were against the robbery of the mine supervisors7 and the tax supervisors. They advocated to open up for the criticisms and suggestions and to restore the governmental administration, so they were hated by the groups in office.

    东林党反对神宗废长立幼,反对矿监、税监的掠夺,主张开放言路,改革朝政,遭到当权派的嫉恨。

    In 1601, the tax supervisor6 Sun Long came to Suzhou. He set up barriers, extorted8 the merchants and decided9 to levy10 three qian silver for every loom11 and three fen12 silver for every bolt of silk.

    1601年,税监孙隆来到苏州,设置关卡,勒索客商,还理定每台织机征银三钱,每匹绸缎征银三分。

    The weaving households stopped weaving to show their protest.

    当时机户一致停业,以示反抗。

    The unemployed13 weavers14 went to the street on strike under the leadership of Ge Xian. They enclosed the Tax Department and killed the tax official ,and Sun Long was frightened to escape at night.

    失业的机工,在葛贤领导下,走上街头,包围税署,打死税吏,孙隆吓得连夜逃跑。

    The fight against the tax and mine supervisors broke out as well in other more than 10 cities.

    其他十几个城市,也都爆发了城市人民的反税监、矿监的斗争。

    The fights are the reflection of the seeds of the capitalism15 in politics at the end of the Ming Dynasty.

    这些斗争是明朝后期资本主义萌芽在政治上的反映。

    The annexation16 of land came to the surprising extent at the end of the Ming Dynasty.

    明朝后期,土地兼并达到惊人的地步。

    The emperor awarded a great amount of land to his gentry17, ministers, and the eunuchs.

    皇帝常把大量土地赐给贵族、大臣和宦官作为庄田。

    Ming Shenzong once (warded his son the land of two million mu .

    神宗一次就赐给他的儿子福王,田地200万亩。

    The landlords and bureaucrats18 annexed19 land greatly.

    地主、官僚也大量兼并土地。

    In the Taihu valley, nine tenths of peasants lost their land.

    在太湖流域,十分之九的农民失去土地。

    双语阅读之中国历史:明末农民起义

    The tax exploitation of the feudal20 government became more and more serious.

    封建政府的赋役剥削也越来越重。

    The heavy taxes and the high centralization of the land made more peasants lose their land. They became either tenants21, slaves and servants, or tramps and famime refugee, and some were even forced to rise up.

    土地高度集中和赋役繁重,使更多的农民失去土地,沦为佃户、奴仆,或成为流民、饥民,甚至被迫起义。

    In the late Ming Dynasty,he internal contradiction among the ruling class became more intense, and so were the class contradictions. It was unavoidable for the large-scale peasants uprising to break out.

    明朝末年,统治阶级内部矛盾加剧,阶级矛盾日益激化,大规模农民起义的爆发已是不可避免的了。

    Therefore it broke out in Shaanbei.

    于是在陕北爆发了大规模的农民起义。

    The insurrectionary army fought from place to place in the areas of Henan, Hubei and Sichuan.

    起义军转战于河南、湖北、四川一带。

    In 1634, they gathered in Xingyang, Henan and talked over the measures against the government. At the meeting they accepted the suggestions of Li Zicheng, who was a follower22 of Gao Yingxiang.

    1634年各地首领汇集于河南荥阳商量对策,采纳了高迎祥部将李自成的建议。

    From then on, the peasant war at the end of Ming came to a new stage under the leadership of Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong.

    此后,明末农民战争在李自成、张献忠的领导下进入新阶段。

    In the year of 1643, Li Zicheng founded the new government in Xiangyang and titled himself Xinshun Emperor.

    1643年,李自成在襄阳建立政权,自称新顺王。

    In the early 1644, he commanded the Great Shun23 Army to start from Xi,an,go through Datong and Xuanhua,enter Juyong Gate and enclose Beijing. The soldiers guarded the city gave in. Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide.

    1644年初,李自成率领大顺军从西安出发,经过大同,宣化,进入居庸关,包围北京城,守城的明军投降,崇祯帝自杀。

    On March 19, Li Zicheng and his army entered into the city of Beijing and the corrupt reign24 of the Ming Dynasty was overthrown25.

    3月19日,李自成带领大军进人北京。明朝的腐朽统治被推翻了。

    After the Great Shun Army entered the city of Beijing, the national political situation changed greatly. The landlord class was not willing to give up their authority and they attempted to rise up again.

    大顺军进人北京后,全国政治形势发生重大变化,地主阶级不甘心失败,企图东山再起。

    In April 1644, Li Zicheng commanded the army to suppress the rebellion in the east and had a fierce battle with Wu Sangui in Shanhai Gate. However, the Qing army joined in the battle unexpectedly. The peasant army was taken by surprise and suffered a great loss.

    1644年4月,李自成率军东征,在山海关与吴三桂军队开展激战,清军突然加人战斗,农民军猝不及防,损失惨重。

    In 1645, Li Zicheng was attacked by the landlord force in Jiugongshan Mountain of Tongshan County, Hubei and died a hero,s death. At the end of 1646, Zhang Xianzhong died and the peasants uprising at the later period of Ming failed eventually.

    1645年,李自成在湖北通山县九宫山遭到地主武装的袭击,壮烈牺牲,1646年底,张献忠壮烈牺牲。明末农民起义失败。

    The historical importance of the peasant uprising at the end of the Ming : The peasants uprising at the end of the Ming Dynasty is a most large-scale peasant war in the Chinese feudal society. It overthrew26 the corrupt rule of the Ming Government, stroked the landlord class, adjusted partially27 the production relationship and created conditions for the development of productive forces in the early Qing Dynasty.

    明末农民起义的历史意义:明末农民起义是中国封建社会中规模最大的一次农民战争,它推翻了明朝的腐朽统治,打击了地主阶级,局部调整了生产关系,为清朝前期社会生产力的发展创造了条件。

    The insurrectionary army raised a clarion28 call to “ average the land and stop the taxv and directed the spearhead of struggle to the feudal land ownership, which symbolizes29 that the peasant war in our country had entered a new stage.

    起义军明确提出“均田免租”口号,把斗争锋芒直指封建土地所有制,标志着我国农民战争发展到了一个新的阶段。

     12级    双语 


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    1 corrupt [kəˈrʌpt] 4zTxn   第7级
    vi.贿赂,收买;vt.使腐烂;使堕落,使恶化;adj.腐败的,贪污的
    参考例句:
    • The newspaper alleged the mayor's corrupt practices. 那家报纸断言市长有舞弊行为。
    • This judge is corrupt. 这个法官贪污。
    2 graft [grɑ:ft] XQBzg   第8级
    n.移植,嫁接,艰苦工作,贪污;v.移植,嫁接
    参考例句:
    • I am having a skin graft on my arm soon. 我马上就要接受手臂的皮肤移植手术。
    • The minister became rich through graft. 这位部长透过贪污受贿致富。
    3 bribes [b'raɪbz] f3132f875c572eefabf4271b3ea7b2ca   第7级
    n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 );向(某人)行贿,贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 );向(某人)行贿,贿赂
    参考例句:
    • It was alleged that he had taken bribes while in office. 他被指称在任时收受贿赂。
    • corrupt officials accepting bribes 接受贿赂的贪官污吏
    4 scrambled [ˈskræmbld] 2e4a1c533c25a82f8e80e696225a73f2   第8级
    v.快速爬行( scramble的过去式和过去分词 );攀登;争夺;(军事飞机)紧急起飞
    参考例句:
    • Each scrambled for the football at the football ground. 足球场上你争我夺。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
    • He scrambled awkwardly to his feet. 他笨拙地爬起身来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    5 disapproved [ˌdɪsəˈpru:vd] 3ee9b7bf3f16130a59cb22aafdea92d0   第8级
    v.不赞成( disapprove的过去式和过去分词 )
    参考例句:
    • My parents disapproved of my marriage. 我父母不赞成我的婚事。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    • She disapproved of her son's indiscriminate television viewing. 她不赞成儿子不加选择地收看电视。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    6 supervisor [ˈsu:pəvaɪzə(r)] RrZwv   第8级
    n.监督人,管理人,检查员,督学,主管,导师
    参考例句:
    • Between you and me I think that new supervisor is a twit. 我们私下说,我认为新来的主管人是一个傻瓜。
    • He said I was too flighty to be a good supervisor. 他说我太轻浮不能成为一名好的管理员。
    7 supervisors ['su:pəvaɪzəz] 80530f394132f10fbf245e5fb15e2667   第8级
    n.监督者,管理者( supervisor的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • I think the best technical people make the best supervisors. 我认为最好的技术人员可以成为最好的管理人员。 来自辞典例句
    • Even the foremen or first-level supervisors have a staffing responsibility. 甚至领班或第一线的监督人员也有任用的责任。 来自辞典例句
    8 extorted [ɪkˈstɔ:tid] 067a410e7b6359c130b95772a4b83d0b   第9级
    v.敲诈( extort的过去式和过去分词 );曲解
    参考例句:
    • The gang extorted money from over 30 local businesses. 这帮歹徒向当地30多户商家勒索过钱财。
    • He extorted a promise from me. 他硬要我答应。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
    9 decided [dɪˈsaɪdɪd] lvqzZd   第7级
    adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
    参考例句:
    • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents. 这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
    • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting. 英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
    10 levy [ˈlevi] Z9fzR   第8级
    n.征收税或其他款项,征收额
    参考例句:
    • They levy a tax on him. 他们向他征税。
    • A direct food levy was imposed by the local government. 地方政府征收了食品税。
    11 loom [lu:m] T8pzd   第7级
    n.织布机,织机;vi.隐现,(危险、忧虑等)迫近;vt.在织布机上织
    参考例句:
    • The old woman was weaving on her loom. 那位老太太正在织布机上织布。
    • The shuttle flies back and forth on the loom. 织布机上梭子来回飞动。
    12 fen [fen] CtczNj   第11级
    n.沼泽,沼池
    参考例句:
    • The willows over all the fen rippled and whitened like a field of wheat. 沼泽上的柳树,随风一起一伏,泛出白光,就象一片麦田一样。
    • There is a fen around each island. 每个岛屿周围有一个沼泽。
    13 unemployed [ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd] lfIz5Q   第7级
    adj.失业的,没有工作的;未动用的,闲置的
    参考例句:
    • There are now over four million unemployed workers in this country. 这个国家现有四百万失业人员。
    • The unemployed hunger for jobs. 失业者渴望得到工作。
    14 weavers [ˈwi:vəz] 55d09101fa7c612133657b412e704736   第9级
    织工,编织者( weaver的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • The Navajo are noted as stockbreeders and skilled weavers, potters, and silversmiths. 纳瓦霍人以豢养家禽,技术熟练的纺织者,制陶者和银匠而著名。
    • They made out they were weavers. 他们假装是织布工人。
    15 capitalism [ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm] er4zy   第7级
    n.资本主义
    参考例句:
    • The essence of his argument is that capitalism cannot succeed. 他的论点的核心是资本主义不能成功。
    • Capitalism began to develop in Russia in the 19th century. 十九世纪资本主义在俄国开始发展。
    16 annexation [ˌænek'seɪʃn] 7MWyt   第12级
    n.吞并,合并
    参考例句:
    • He mentioned the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910 . 他提及1910年日本对朝鲜的吞并。
    • I regard the question of annexation as belonging exclusively to the United States and Texas. 我认为合并的问题,完全属于德克萨斯和美国之间的事。
    17 gentry [ˈdʒentri] Ygqxe   第11级
    n.绅士阶级,上层阶级
    参考例句:
    • Landed income was the true measure of the gentry. 来自土地的收入是衡量是否士绅阶层的真正标准。
    • Better be the head of the yeomanry than the tail of the gentry. 宁做自由民之首,不居贵族之末。
    18 bureaucrats [b'jʊərəkræts] 1f41892e761d50d96f1feea76df6dcd3   第11级
    n.官僚( bureaucrat的名词复数 );官僚主义;官僚主义者;官僚语言
    参考例句:
    • That is the fate of the bureaucrats, not the inspiration of statesmen. 那是官僚主义者的命运,而不是政治家的灵感。 来自辞典例句
    • Big business and dozens of anonymous bureaucrats have as much power as Japan's top elected leaders. 大企业和许多不知名的官僚同日本选举出来的最高层领导者们的权力一样大。 来自辞典例句
    19 annexed [ə'nekst] ca83f28e6402c883ed613e9ee0580f48   第9级
    [法] 附加的,附属的
    参考例句:
    • Germany annexed Austria in 1938. 1938年德国吞并了奥地利。
    • The outlying villages were formally annexed by the town last year. 那些偏远的村庄于去年正式被并入该镇。
    20 feudal [ˈfju:dl] cg1zq   第8级
    adj.封建的,封地的,领地的
    参考例句:
    • Feudal rulers ruled over the country several thousand years. 封建统治者统治这个国家几千年。
    • The feudal system lasted for two thousand years in China. 封建制度在中国延续了两千年之久。
    21 tenants [ˈtenənts] 05662236fc7e630999509804dd634b69   第7级
    n.房客( tenant的名词复数 );佃户;占用者;占有者
    参考例句:
    • A number of tenants have been evicted for not paying the rent. 许多房客因不付房租被赶了出来。
    • Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
    22 follower [ˈfɒləʊə(r)] gjXxP   第7级
    n.跟随者;随员;门徒;信徒
    参考例句:
    • He is a faithful follower of his home football team. 他是他家乡足球队的忠实拥护者。
    • Alexander is a pious follower of the faith. 亚历山大是个虔诚的信徒。
    23 shun [ʃʌn] 6EIzc   第8级
    vt.避开,回避,避免
    参考例句:
    • Materialists face truth, whereas idealists shun it. 唯物主义者面向真理,唯心主义者则逃避真理。
    • This extremist organization has shunned conventional politics. 这个极端主义组织有意避开了传统政治。
    24 reign [reɪn] pBbzx   第7级
    n.统治时期,统治,支配,盛行;vi.占优势
    参考例句:
    • The reign of Queen Elizabeth lapped over into the seventeenth century. 伊丽莎白王朝延至17世纪。
    • The reign of Zhu Yuanzhang lasted about 31 years. 朱元璋统治了大约三十一年。
    25 overthrown [ˌəʊvə'θrəʊn] 1e19c245f384e53a42f4faa000742c18   第7级
    adj. 打翻的,推倒的,倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词
    参考例句:
    • The president was overthrown in a military coup. 总统在军事政变中被赶下台。
    • He has overthrown the basic standards of morality. 他已摒弃了基本的道德标准。
    26 overthrew [ˌəʊvə'θru:] dd5ffd99a6b4c9da909dc8baf50ba04a   第7级
    overthrow的过去式
    参考例句:
    • The people finally rose up and overthrew the reactionary regime. 人们终于起来把反动的政权推翻了。
    • They overthrew their King. 他们推翻了国王。
    27 partially [ˈpɑ:ʃəli] yL7xm   第8级
    adv.部分地,从某些方面讲
    参考例句:
    • The door was partially concealed by the drapes. 门有一部分被门帘遮住了。
    • The police managed to restore calm and the curfew was partially lifted. 警方设法恢复了平静,宵禁部分解除。
    28 clarion ['klærɪən] 3VxyJ   第12级
    n.尖音小号声;尖音小号
    参考例句:
    • Clarion calls to liberation had been mocked when we stood by. 当我们袖手旁观的时候,自由解放的号角声遭到了嘲弄。
    • To all the people present, his speech is a clarion call. 对所有在场的人而言,他的演讲都是动人的号召。
    29 symbolizes [ˈsɪmbəˌlaɪziz] 8a0610984df5bcb77bc12be9119bcd7d   第8级
    v.象征,作为…的象征( symbolize的第三人称单数 )
    参考例句:
    • The use of light and dark symbolizes good and evil. 用光明与黑暗来象征善与恶。
    • She likes olive because It'symbolizes peace. 她喜欢橄榄色因为它象征着和平。 来自《简明英汉词典》

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