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读新闻坏处太多 少读可能更快乐
添加时间:2016-12-31 10:30:51 浏览次数: 作者:未知
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  • In the past few decades, the fortunate among us have recognised the hazards of living with an overabundance of food (obesity, diabetes) and have started to change our diets. But most of us do not yet understand that news is to the mind what sugar is to the body. News is easy to digest. The media feeds us small bites of trivial matter, tidbits that don't really concern our lives and don't require thinking. That's why we experience almost no saturation1. Unlike reading books and long magazine articles (which require thinking), we can swallow limitless quantities of news flashes, which are bright-coloured candies for the mind.Today, we have reached the same point in relation to information that we faced 20 years ago in regard to food. We are beginning to recognise how toxic2 news can be.

    过去几十年,我们有幸认识到过量饮食的危害(例如导致肥胖和糖尿病),进而开始改变饮食结构。但是,大多数人并不知道新闻之于思维,如同糖类之于身体。媒体奉上的逸闻趣事、琐碎信息其实与我们的生活无甚关联,但易于理解,读起来并不费脑。因此我们对新闻从未有过饱足感。与阅读书籍和长篇杂志文章(这些都需要边读边思考)相比,无数闪现在眼前的小段新闻更加易于“吞噬”。对于思维,它们就像五彩缤纷的糖果。如今,新闻对于我们来讲如同20年前的食物一样,人们逐渐意识到,新闻可能也是有害的。

    News misleads. Take the following event (borrowed from Nassim Taleb). A car drives over a bridge, and the bridge collapses3. What does the news media focus on? The car. The person in the car. Where he came from. Where he planned to go. How he experienced the crash (if he survived). But that is all irrelevant5. What's relevant? The structural6 stability of the bridge. That's the underlying7 risk that has been lurking8, and could lurk9 in other bridges. But the car is flashy, it's dramatic, it's a person (non-abstract), and it's news that's cheap to produce.News leads us to walk around with the completely wrong risk map in our heads.So terrorism is over-rated. Chronic10 stress is under-rated. The collapse4 of Lehman Brothers is overrated. Fiscal11 irresponsibility is under-rated. Astronauts are over-rated. Nurses are under-rated.

    新闻产生误导。下面借用纳西姆·塔勒布[1]的一个例子:一辆车驶过一座桥,结果桥塌了。这则新闻的重点是什么呢?是这辆车,是车里的人—他从哪里来,要到哪儿去?(如果他幸免于难)这场事故经过是怎样的?然而,这些都无关紧要。什么才是至关重要的呢?是大桥的结构稳定性。它暗含着重大风险,而同样的风险还可能存在于其他桥梁。但是新闻中却充斥着这辆车如何光鲜亮丽,遭遇如何扣人心弦的信息,甚至把它刻画成一个人物(非抽象的)。如此报道,毫无价值。新闻给大脑一张全然错误的风险地图,让我们偏离了重点。正因如此,恐怖主义、雷曼兄弟破产以及宇航员这类主题被过度渲染,而慢性精神压力、财政失责以及医护人员这类主题却报道不足。

    We are not rational enough to be exposed to the press. Watching an airplane crash on television is going to change your attitude toward that risk, regardless of its real probability. If you think you can compensate12 with the strength of your own inner contemplation, you are wrong. Bankers and economists13 – who have powerful incentives14 to compensate for news-borne hazards – have shown that they cannot. The only solution: cut yourself off from news consumption entirely15.

    面对媒体,我们尚不够理性。看到电视里报道飞机失事,也不管这种概率实际有多大,人们很容易就改变自己对此类风险的看法。如果你以为能通过内心的深思熟虑抵消这种影响,那么你错了。事实表明,银行家和经济学家纵然利用强大的手段也无法弥补新闻导致的危害。唯一解决之道是:与新闻完全隔绝。

    News is irrelevant. Out of the approximately 10,000 news stories you have read in the last 12 months, name one that – because you consumed it – allowed you to make a better decision about a serious matter affecting your life, your career or your business. The point is: the consumption of news is irrelevant to you. But people find it very difficult to recognise what's relevant. It's much easier to recognise what's new. The relevant versus16 the new is the fundamental battle of the current age. Media organisations want you to believe that news offers you some sort of a competitive advantage. Many fall for that. We get anxious when we're cut off from the flow of news. In reality, news consumption is a competitive disadvantage. The less news you consume, the bigger the advantage you have.

    新闻无关紧要。在你最近一年中阅读的上万条资讯中,很难找出这样一条新闻:因为读了它,让你面临人生、职场或事业的重大问题时做出了更好的决定。原因在于,你所读的新闻与你自身毫无关系。人们很难辨别哪些新闻与自己有关系,但是很容易知道哪些是新的。当今时代,关联度和新颖性是一对基本矛盾。媒体想让人们觉得新闻可以为之提供某种竞争优势,而许多人竟信以为真。一旦与新闻隔绝,我们就焦躁不安。而事实上,新闻只会令人在竞争中处于劣势。读的新闻越少,你的优势反而越多。

    News has no explanatory power. News items are bubbles popping on the surface of a deeper world. Will accumulating facts help you understand the world? Sadly, no. The relationship is inverted17. The important stories are non-stories: slow, powerful movements that develop below journalists' radar18 but have a transforming effect. The more "news factoids" you digest, the less of the big picture you will understand. If more information leads to higher economic success, we'd expect journalists to be at the top of the pyramid. That's not the case.

    新闻无法解释世界。新闻不过是浮于表面的水泡,现实世界深藏其下。不断积累事实有助于你了解这个世界吗?很遗憾,不能。恰恰相反,真正重要的事实并没有报道出来。它们不为记者关注,发展缓慢,却拥有改变一切的强大能量。你对杜撰新闻消费得越多,你对现实宏图的了解就越少。如果资讯越多,经济就越繁荣,那我们真该期望记者们稳坐金字塔顶端。但事实绝非如此。

    News is toxic to your body. It constantly triggers the limbic system . Panicky stories spur the release of cascades19 of glucocorticoid (cortisol). This deregulates your immune system and inhibits20 the release of growth hormones21. In other words, your body finds itself in a state of chronic stress. High glucocorticoid levels cause impaired22 digestion23, lack of growth (cell, hair, bone), nervousness and susceptibility to infections. The other potential side-effects include fear, aggression24, tunnel-vision and desensitisation.

    新闻毒害身体。它不断触动大脑边缘系统。令人恐慌的新闻使人体内糖皮质激素(皮质醇)呈级联式分泌,导致免疫系统紊乱,抑制生长荷尔蒙分泌。也就是说,使身体长期处于精神压力之下。高糖皮质激素水平还导致消化功能受损、(细胞、毛发和骨骼)生长缓慢、情绪紧张,让人容易感染疾病。其他潜在副作用还包括:恐惧感、攻击性、视野狭窄和麻木不仁。

    News increases cognitive25 errors. News feeds the mother of all cognitive errors: confirmation26 bias27. In the words of Warren Buffett: "What the human being is best at doing is interpreting all new information so that their prior28 conclusions remain intact." News exacerbates29 this flaw. We become prone30 to overconfidence, take stupid risks and misjudge opportunities. It also exacerbates another cognitive error: the story bias. Our brains crave31 stories that "make sense" – even if they don't correspond to reality. Any journalist who writes, "The market moved because of X" or "the company went bankrupt because of Y" is an idiot. I am fed up with this cheap way of "explaining" the world.

    新闻增加认知错误。新闻为“确认偏误”[2]提供养分,而后者正是一切认知错误的源泉。沃伦·巴菲特曾说“人类最擅长将所有新信息都解释一通,以确保先前的结论不受影响。”新闻则是这种缺陷的帮凶,使我们过于自信,盲目冒险,错判时机。此外,新闻还助长了另一种认知错误:新闻偏见。大脑渴望“有意义”的新闻,即便这些新闻与事实不符。弱智记者在稿子中解释“市场因为某某原因而波动”或者“公司因为某某原因而破产”,见解之拙劣,令我不胜其烦。

    News inhibits thinking. Thinking requires concentration. Concentration requires uninterrupted time. News pieces are specifically engineered to interrupt you. They are like viruses that steal attention for their own purposes. News makes us shallow thinkers. But it's worse than that. News severely32 affects memory. There are two types of memory. Long-range memory's capacity is nearly infinite, but working memory is limited to a certain amount of slippery data. The path from short-term to long-term memory is a choke-point in the brain, but anything you want to understand must pass through it. If this passageway is disrupted, nothing gets through. Because news disrupts concentration, it weakens comprehension. Online news has an even worse impact. In a 2001 study two scholars in Canada showed that comprehension declines as the number of hyperlinks33 in a document increases. Why? Because whenever a link appears, your brain has to at least make the choice not to click, which in itself is distracting. News is an intentional34 interruption system.

    新闻抑制思考。只有免受打扰才能集中注意力,进而潜心思考。新闻片段却似乎是专为打断思考而设计。它们如同病毒,为了一己之私分散人的注意力,令我们无法深入思考。更糟糕的是,新闻严重损害记忆力。记忆分两种:长期记忆和短期记忆。前者潜力近乎无限,后者却仅限于一定数量的不确切信息。短期记忆转化为长期记忆是大脑的一项瓶颈,但要形成对事物的理解,这一关不可逾越。如果这一过程中断,我们什么都学不会。新闻打断注意力,从而弱化了理解力。网络新闻的负面影响则更为严重。2001年,两位加拿大学者曾做过一项研究。他们发现,文章中链接越多,人们的理解力就下降得越快。原因何在?因为一旦出现链接,大脑就至少得做出是否点击的决定,这本身就是在分散注意力。可见,新闻是专门打断思维的机器。

    News works like a drug. As stories develop, we want to know how they continue. With hundreds of arbitrary storylines in our heads, this craving35 is increasingly compelling and hard to ignore. Scientists used to think that the dense36 connections formed among the 100 billion neurons inside our skulls37 were largely fixed38 by the time we reached adulthood39. Today we know that this is not the case. Nerve cells routinely break old connections and form new ones. The more news we consume, the more we exercise the neural40 circuits devoted41 to skimming and multitasking while ignoring those used for reading deeply and thinking with profound focus. Most news consumers – even if they used to be avid42 book readers – have lost the ability to absorb lengthy43 articles or books.After four, five pages they get tired, their concentration vanishes, they become restless. It's not because they got older or their schedules became more onerous44.It's because the physical structure of their brains has changed.

    新闻就像毒品。随着新闻事件发展,我们想知道接下来发生了什么。脑子里那几百种故事情节令好奇心愈发难以抗拒,挥之不去。过去,科学家们认为大脑内上千亿神经元间的紧密联系大部分在我们成年之前就固定下来。而今,我们发现事实并非如此。神经细胞之间不断打破旧联系,形成新联系,如同例行公事一般。接触的新闻越多,大脑就要越发频繁地启动用于略读和多重任务处理的神经回路,忽略用于深度阅读和专注思考的神经回路。多数新闻读者(即使他们曾经热衷读书)已经失去了理解长篇文章或书籍的能力,仅仅阅读四、五页,就无法集中注意力,且心生厌倦,烦躁不已。这并非因为年龄增长或者事务繁重,而是因为大脑生理构造发生了改变。

    News wastes time. If you read the newspaper for 15 minutes each morning, then check the news for 15 minutes during lunch and 15 minutes before you go to bed, then add five minutes here and there when you're at work, then count distraction45 and refocusing time, you will lose at least half a day every week.Information is no longer a scarce commodity. But attention is. You are not that irresponsible with your money, reputation or health. Why give away your mind?

    新闻浪费时间。如果你每天早晨、午餐时和睡觉前各花15分钟读新闻,工作中再不时抽出5分钟来看新闻,不妨计算一下注意力分散和重新找回所耗时间。你会发现每周至少半天时间就这么浪费了。新闻不再是稀缺商品,而注意力却是。你不会不在乎金钱、名誉和健康,可为什么却不把思维当回事呢?

    News makes us passive. News stories are overwhelmingly about things you cannot influence. The daily repetition of news about things we can't act upon makes us passive. It grinds us down until we adopt a worldview that is pessimistic, desensitised, sarcastic46 and fatalistic. The scientific term is "learned helplessness". It's a bit of a stretch, but I would not be surprised if news consumption, at least partially47 contributes to the widespread disease of depression.

    新闻令人消极。绝大多数新闻里讲述的都是我们无法改变的事。每天反复阅读新闻,因无法左右现实而饱受折磨,我们就会变得消极。久而久之,或悲观厌世,或麻木不仁,喜欢冷嘲热讽,凡事听天由命。这一现象在科学上称为“习得性无助”。也许这么说有点言过其实,但是新闻消费至少在一定程度上导致抑郁症流行。对此我并不感到意外。

    News kills creativity. Finally, things we already know limit our creativity. This is one reason that mathematicians48, novelists, composers and entrepreneurs often produce their most creative works at a young age. Their brains enjoy a wide, uninhabited space that emboldens50 them to come up with and pursue novel ideas. I don't know a single truly creative mind who is a news junkie – not a writer, not a composer, mathematician49, physician, scientist, musician, designer, architect or painter. On the other hand, I know a bunch of viciously uncreative minds who consume news like drugs. If you want to come up with old solutions, read news. If you are looking for new solutions, don't.

    新闻扼杀创造力。这是我要讲的最后一点。已知信息限制了创造力。这也是为什么数学家、小说家、作曲家和企业家最有创造力的成绩产生于年轻时期。他们脑海中有片广袤无垠、人迹罕至的天地,在这里他们可以大胆追求新奇想法。据我所知,那些有创造力的人,无论是作家、作曲家、数学家、科学家、音乐家、画家,还是医师、设计师或建筑师,没有谁是新闻“瘾君子”。另一方面,大量极度缺乏创造力的人却像吸毒一样对新闻成瘾。想墨守成规?看新闻吧。想别出心裁?还是别看了。

    Society needs journalism51 – but in a different way. Investigative journalism is always relevant. We need reporting that polices our institutions and uncovers truth. But important findings don't have to arrive in the form of news. Long journal articles and in-depth books are good, too.

    社会需要新闻行业,但不是现在这种局面。调查性新闻报道往往能切中要害,而我们的报道就应该发挥监督各类机构和揭露事实真相的作用。不过,重大发现不一定非得以新闻形式体现。长篇杂志文章以及有深度的书籍也是上佳选择。

    I have now gone without news for four years, so I can see, feel and report the effects of this freedom first-hand: less disruption, less anxiety, deeper thinking, more time, more insights. It's not easy, but it's worth it.

    近四年,我摆脱新闻的束缚,转而选择去看,去感觉。我的切身体会是:内心不再焦虑彷徨,可以深度思考而不被打断,有了更多时间来洞察世事。虽得之不易,但物有所值。

     12级    双语 


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    1 saturation [ˌsætʃəˈreɪʃn] wCTzQ   第9级
    n.饱和(状态);浸透
    参考例句:
    • The company's sales are now close to saturation in many western countries. 这家公司的产品销售量在许多西方国家已接近饱和。
    • Road traffic has reached saturation point. 公路交通已达到饱和点。
    2 toxic [ˈtɒksɪk] inSwc   第7级
    adj.有毒的,因中毒引起的
    参考例句:
    • The factory had accidentally released a quantity of toxic waste into the sea. 这家工厂意外泄漏大量有毒废物到海中。
    • There is a risk that toxic chemicals might be blasted into the atmosphere. 爆炸后有毒化学物质可能会进入大气层。
    3 collapses [kə'læpsɪz] 9efa410d233b4045491e3d6f683e12ed   第7级
    折叠( collapse的第三人称单数 ); 倒塌; 崩溃; (尤指工作劳累后)坐下
    参考例句:
    • This bridge table collapses. 这张桥牌桌子能折叠。
    • Once Russia collapses, the last chance to stop Hitler will be gone. 一旦俄国垮台,抑止希特勒的最后机会就没有了。
    4 collapse [kəˈlæps] aWvyE   第7级
    vi.累倒;昏倒;倒塌;塌陷
    参考例句:
    • The country's economy is on the verge of collapse. 国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
    • The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse. 工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。
    5 irrelevant [ɪˈreləvənt] ZkGy6   第8级
    adj.不恰当的,无关系的,不相干的
    参考例句:
    • That is completely irrelevant to the subject under discussion. 这跟讨论的主题完全不相关。
    • A question about arithmetic is irrelevant in a music lesson. 在音乐课上,一个数学的问题是风马牛不相及的。
    6 structural [ˈstrʌktʃərəl] itXw5   第8级
    adj.构造的,组织的,建筑(用)的
    参考例句:
    • The storm caused no structural damage. 风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
    • The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities. 北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。
    7 underlying [ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ] 5fyz8c   第7级
    adj.在下面的,含蓄的,潜在的
    参考例句:
    • The underlying theme of the novel is very serious. 小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
    • This word has its underlying meaning. 这个单词有它潜在的含义。
    8 lurking [] 332fb85b4d0f64d0e0d1ef0d34ebcbe7   第8级
    潜在
    参考例句:
    • Why are you lurking around outside my house? 你在我房子外面鬼鬼祟祟的,想干什么?
    • There is a suspicious man lurking in the shadows. 有一可疑的人躲在阴暗中。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
    9 lurk [lɜ:k] J8qz2   第8级
    n.潜伏,潜行;v.潜藏,潜伏,埋伏
    参考例句:
    • Dangers lurk in the path of wilderness. 在这条荒野的小路上隐伏着危险。
    • He thought he saw someone lurking above the chamber during the address. 他觉得自己看见有人在演讲时潜藏在会议厅顶上。
    10 chronic [ˈkrɒnɪk] BO9zl   第7级
    adj.(疾病)长期未愈的,慢性的;极坏的
    参考例句:
    • Famine differs from chronic malnutrition. 饥荒不同于慢性营养不良。
    • Chronic poisoning may lead to death from inanition. 慢性中毒也可能由虚弱导致死亡。
    11 fiscal [ˈfɪskl] agbzf   第8级
    adj.财政的,会计的,国库的,国库岁入的
    参考例句:
    • The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy. 增税是一项重要的财政政策。
    • The government has two basic strategies of fiscal policy available. 政府有两个可行的财政政策基本战略。
    12 compensate [ˈkɒmpenseɪt] AXky7   第7级
    vt.补偿,赔偿;酬报 vi.弥补;补偿;抵消
    参考例句:
    • She used her good looks to compensate her lack of intelligence. 她利用她漂亮的外表来弥补智力的不足。
    • Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health. 一个人失去了键康是不可弥补的。
    13 economists [ɪ'kɒnəmɪsts] 2ba0a36f92d9c37ef31cc751bca1a748   第8级
    n.经济学家,经济专家( economist的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • The sudden rise in share prices has confounded economists. 股价的突然上涨使经济学家大惑不解。
    • Foreign bankers and economists cautiously welcomed the minister's initiative. 外国银行家和经济学家对部长的倡议反应谨慎。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    14 incentives [ɪn'sentɪvz] 884481806a10ef3017726acf079e8fa7   第7级
    激励某人做某事的事物( incentive的名词复数 ); 刺激; 诱因; 动机
    参考例句:
    • tax incentives to encourage savings 鼓励储蓄的税收措施
    • Furthermore, subsidies provide incentives only for investments in equipment. 更有甚者,提供津贴仅是为鼓励增添设备的投资。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
    15 entirely [ɪnˈtaɪəli] entirely   第9级
    ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地
    参考例句:
    • The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
    • His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。
    16 versus [ˈvɜ:səs] wi7wU   第7级
    prep.以…为对手,对;与…相比之下
    参考例句:
    • The big match tonight is England versus Spain. 今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。
    • The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale. 最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。
    17 inverted [ɪn'vɜ:tɪd] 184401f335d6b8661e04dfea47b9dcd5   第7级
    adj.反向的,倒转的v.使倒置,使反转( invert的过去式和过去分词 )
    参考例句:
    • Only direct speech should go inside inverted commas. 只有直接引语应放在引号内。
    • Inverted flight is an acrobatic manoeuvre of the plane. 倒飞是飞机的一种特技动作。 来自《简明英汉词典》
    18 radar [ˈreɪdɑ:(r)] kTUxx   第7级
    n.雷达,无线电探测器
    参考例句:
    • They are following the flight of an aircraft by radar. 他们正在用雷达追踪一架飞机的飞行。
    • Enemy ships were detected on the radar. 敌舰的影像已显现在雷达上。
    19 cascades [kæˈskeɪdz] 6a84598b241e2c2051459650eb88013f   第8级
    倾泻( cascade的名词复数 ); 小瀑布(尤指一连串瀑布中的一支); 瀑布状物; 倾泻(或涌出)的东西
    参考例句:
    • The river fell in a series of cascades down towards the lake. 河形成阶梯状瀑布泻入湖中。
    • Turning into the sun, he began the long, winding drive through the Cascades. 现在他朝着太阳驶去,开始了穿越喀斯喀特山脉的漫长而曲折的路程。 来自英汉文学 - 廊桥遗梦
    20 inhibits [inˈhibits] 7fbb1ac5e38d9e83ed670404679a2310   第7级
    阻止,抑制( inhibit的第三人称单数 ); 使拘束,使尴尬
    参考例句:
    • A small manufacturing sector inhibits growth in the economy. 制造业规模太小有碍经济增长。
    • His bad English inhibits him from speaking freely. 他英语学得不好,这使他不能表达自如。
    21 hormones ['hɔ:məʊn] hormones   第8级
    n. 荷尔蒙,激素 名词hormone的复数形式
    参考例句:
    • This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body. 这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
    • The adrenals produce a large per cent of a man's sex hormones. 肾上腺分泌人体的大部分性激素。
    22 impaired [ɪm'peəd] sqtzdr   第7级
    adj.受损的;出毛病的;有(身体或智力)缺陷的v.损害,削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 )
    参考例句:
    • Much reading has impaired his vision. 大量读书损害了他的视力。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
    • His hearing is somewhat impaired. 他的听觉已受到一定程度的损害。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
    23 digestion [daɪˈdʒestʃən] il6zj   第8级
    n.消化,吸收
    参考例句:
    • This kind of tea acts as an aid to digestion. 这种茶可助消化。
    • This food is easy of digestion. 这食物容易消化。
    24 aggression [əˈgreʃn] WKjyF   第8级
    n.进攻,侵略,侵犯,侵害
    参考例句:
    • So long as we are firmly united, we need fear no aggression. 只要我们紧密地团结,就不必惧怕外来侵略。
    • Her view is that aggression is part of human nature. 她认为攻击性是人类本性的一部份。
    25 cognitive [ˈkɒgnətɪv] Uqwz0   第7级
    adj.认知的,认识的,有感知的
    参考例句:
    • As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 孩子们越长越大,他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
    • The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works. 认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。
    26 confirmation [ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃn] ZYMya   第8级
    n.证实,确认,批准
    参考例句:
    • We are waiting for confirmation of the news. 我们正在等待证实那个消息。
    • We need confirmation in writing before we can send your order out. 给你们发送订购的货物之前,我们需要书面确认。
    27 bias [ˈbaɪəs] 0QByQ   第7级
    n.偏见,偏心,偏袒;vt.使有偏见
    参考例句:
    • They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking. 他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
    • He had a bias toward the plan. 他对这项计划有偏见。
    28 prior [ˈpraɪə(r)] kQGxA   第7级
    adj.更重要的,较早的,在先的;adv.居先;n.小修道院院长;大修道院副院长
    参考例句:
    • The duty to protect my sister is prior to all others. 保护我的妹妹是我最重要的责任。
    • I took up one-year prior course in German in this college. 我在这所大学读了一年的德语预科。
    29 exacerbates [ɪgˈzæsəˌbeɪts] 6cfe9141c1cc92f73da37ad4ef8948ca   第9级
    n.使恶化,使加重( exacerbate的名词复数 )v.使恶化,使加重( exacerbate的第三人称单数 )
    参考例句:
    • Stripping the land in these ways allows faster surface runoff and exacerbates flooding. 这些做法终将使土地裸露、地表径流加快,从而加重了洪水的威胁。 来自辞典例句
    • This policy exacerbates the gap between rich and poor. 这项政策加剧了贫富差距。 来自互联网
    30 prone [prəʊn] 50bzu   第7级
    adj.(to)易于…的,很可能…的;俯卧的
    参考例句:
    • Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions. 有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
    • He is prone to lose his temper when people disagree with him. 人家一不同意他的意见,他就发脾气。
    31 crave [kreɪv] fowzI   第8级
    vt.渴望得到,迫切需要,恳求,请求
    参考例句:
    • Many young children crave attention. 许多小孩子渴望得到关心。
    • You may be craving for some fresh air. 你可能很想呼吸呼吸新鲜空气。
    32 severely [sə'vɪrlɪ] SiCzmk   第7级
    adv.严格地;严厉地;非常恶劣地
    参考例句:
    • He was severely criticized and removed from his post. 他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
    • He is severely put down for his careless work. 他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。
    33 hyperlinks ['haɪpəlɪnks] 36fcaacf73042ab967d3992596ded6d5   第12级
    n.超链接( hyperlink的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • Specifies if hyperlinks are displayed and function within the control. 指定是否显示超级链接以及它是否在控件中起作用。 来自互联网
    • View, add, and change pages, documents, themes, and borders; recalculate hyperlinks. 查看、添加和更改网页、文档、主题和边框;重新计算超链接。 来自互联网
    34 intentional [ɪnˈtenʃənl] 65Axb   第8级
    adj.故意的,有意(识)的
    参考例句:
    • Let me assure you that it was not intentional. 我向你保证那不是故意的。
    • His insult was intentional. 他的侮辱是有意的。
    35 craving ['kreiviŋ] zvlz3e   第8级
    n.渴望,热望
    参考例句:
    • a craving for chocolate 非常想吃巧克力
    • She skipped normal meals to satisfy her craving for chocolate and crisps. 她不吃正餐,以便满足自己吃巧克力和炸薯片的渴望。
    36 dense [dens] aONzX   第7级
    adj.密集的,稠密的,浓密的;密度大的
    参考例句:
    • The general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。
    • The path was completely covered by the dense foliage. 小路被树叶厚厚地盖了一层。
    37 skulls [skʌlz] d44073bc27628272fdd5bac11adb1ab5   第7级
    颅骨( skull的名词复数 ); 脑袋; 脑子; 脑瓜
    参考例句:
    • One of the women's skulls found exceeds in capacity that of the average man of today. 现已发现的女性颅骨中,其中有一个的脑容量超过了今天的普通男子。
    • We could make a whole plain white with skulls in the moonlight! 我们便能令月光下的平原变白,遍布白色的骷髅!
    38 fixed [fɪkst] JsKzzj   第8级
    adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的
    参考例句:
    • Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet? 你们俩选定婚期了吗?
    • Once the aim is fixed, we should not change it arbitrarily. 目标一旦确定,我们就不应该随意改变。
    39 adulthood [ˈædʌlthʊd] vKsyr   第8级
    n.成年,成人期
    参考例句:
    • Some infantile actions survive into adulthood. 某些婴儿期的行为一直保持到成年期。
    • Few people nowadays are able to maintain friendships into adulthood. 如今很少有人能将友谊维持到成年。
    40 neural [ˈnjʊərəl] DnXzFt   第10级
    adj.神经的,神经系统的
    参考例句:
    • The neural network can preferably solve the non-linear problem. 利用神经网络建模可以较好地解决非线性问题。
    • The information transmission in neural system depends on neurotransmitters. 信息传递的神经途径有赖于神经递质。
    41 devoted [dɪˈvəʊtɪd] xu9zka   第8级
    adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的
    参考例句:
    • He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland. 他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
    • We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic. 我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
    42 avid [ˈævɪd] ponyI   第9级
    adj.热心的;贪婪的;渴望的;劲头十足的
    参考例句:
    • He is rich, but he is still avid of more money. 他很富有,但他还想贪图更多的钱。
    • She was avid for praise from her coach. 那女孩渴望得到教练的称赞。
    43 lengthy [ˈleŋθi] f36yA   第8级
    adj.漫长的,冗长的
    参考例句:
    • We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic. 我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
    • The professor wrote a lengthy book on Napoleon. 教授写了一部有关拿破仑的巨著。
    44 onerous [ˈəʊnərəs] 6vCy4   第11级
    adj.繁重的;麻烦的;负有义务的
    参考例句:
    • My household duties were not particularly onerous. 我的家务活并不繁重。
    • This obligation sometimes proves onerous. 这一义务有时被证明是艰巨的。
    45 distraction [dɪˈstrækʃn] muOz3l   第8级
    n.精神涣散,精神不集中,消遣,娱乐
    参考例句:
    • Total concentration is required with no distractions. 要全神贯注,不能有丝毫分神。
    • Their national distraction is going to the disco. 他们的全民消遣就是去蹦迪。
    46 sarcastic [sɑ:ˈkæstɪk] jCIzJ   第9级
    adj.讥讽的,讽刺的,嘲弄的
    参考例句:
    • I squashed him with a sarcastic remark. 我说了一句讽刺的话把他给镇住了。
    • She poked fun at people's shortcomings with sarcastic remarks. 她冷嘲热讽地拿别人的缺点开玩笑。
    47 partially [ˈpɑ:ʃəli] yL7xm   第8级
    adv.部分地,从某些方面讲
    参考例句:
    • The door was partially concealed by the drapes. 门有一部分被门帘遮住了。
    • The police managed to restore calm and the curfew was partially lifted. 警方设法恢复了平静,宵禁部分解除。
    48 mathematicians [mæθə'mətɪʃnz] bca28c194cb123ba0303d3afafc32cb4   第8级
    数学家( mathematician的名词复数 )
    参考例句:
    • Do you suppose our mathematicians are unequal to that? 你以为我们的数学家做不到这一点吗? 来自英汉文学
    • Mathematicians can solve problems with two variables. 数学家们可以用两个变数来解决问题。 来自哲学部分
    49 mathematician [ˌmæθəməˈtɪʃn] aoPz2p   第8级
    n.数学家
    参考例句:
    • The man with his back to the camera is a mathematician. 背对着照相机的人是位数学家。
    • The mathematician analyzed his figures again. 这位数学家再次分析研究了他的这些数字。
    50 emboldens [emˈbəʊldənz] 18e2a684db6f3df33806b7d66d33833b   第12级
    v.鼓励,使有胆量( embolden的第三人称单数 )
    参考例句:
    • This condition emboldens employers and brokers to exploit more the migrant workers. 这样的情形使得雇主及仲介业者得以大胆地剥削移民劳工。 来自互联网
    • In turn, Kobe's growing confidence emboldens his teammates to play even better. 反过来,科比增加了对他们的信任也促使队友们打得更好。 来自互联网
    51 journalism [ˈdʒɜ:nəlɪzəm] kpZzu8   第9级
    n.新闻工作,报业
    参考例句:
    • He's a teacher but he does some journalism on the side. 他是教师,可还兼职做一些新闻工作。
    • He had an aptitude for journalism. 他有从事新闻工作的才能。

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