Godfather could tell stories， so many of them and such long ones， and he could cut out paper figures and draw pictures. When it was nearly Christmas he would bring out a scrapbook with clean white pages， and on these he pasted pictures cut out of books and newspapers； and if there weren't enough for the story he was going to tell， he drew them himself. When I was a little boy I got several of these picture books， but the prettiest of them all was the one from “that memorable¹ year when gas replaced the old oil lamps in Copenhagen” - and that was the inscription² written on the first page.

“We must take great care of this book，” said Father and Mother， “and only bring it out on important occasions.”

But Godfather had written on the cover：

If you should tear the book， that's not a great wrong；

Other little friends have done worse for ever so long.

Best of all were the times when Godfather himself showed the book， read the verses and other writings in it， and told many things besides； then the story would become a very real one.

On the first page was a picture from “The Flying Post，” showing Copenhagen with its Round Tower and Our Lady's Church. On its left was pasted an old lantern， on which was written， “Train oil，” and on the right was a chandelier， with “Gas” written on it.

“See， that's the title page，” said Godfather. “That's the beginning of the story you're going to hear. It could also be given as an entire play， if one could perform it. Train Oil and Gas； or ， The Life and Times of Copenhagen. That's a very good title！ At the bottom of the page is still another little picture； it's quite hard to understand， so I'll explain it to you. That is a hell horse. He shouldn't have come until the end of the book， but he has run on ahead to say that neither the beginning， nor the middle， nor the end is any good； he could have done it much better - if he could have done it at all. The hell horse， you see， stands hitched³ all day in the newspaper， and walks on the columns， they say. But in the evening he slips out， stations himself outside the poet's door， and neighs， so that the man inside will instantly die； but he won't die if there's any real life in him.

The hell horse is usually a poor creature who can't understand himself and can't earn a living， and he gets his air and food by going around and neighing. I am certain that he doesn't like Godfather's picture book， but in spite of that， it may be worth at least the paper it's written on.

“Now that's the first page of the book； that's the title page.

“It was the very last evening on which the oil lamps were to be lighted； the town had gas， and it was so bright that the old street lamps seemed quite lost in it.

“I was in the street myself that evening，” said Godfather. “The people were walking about， looking at the old and the new lighting⁴. There were a great many people and twice as many legs as heads. The watchmen stood around sadly， for they didn't know how soon they would be dismissed， like the oil lamps. They could remember so far back， but dared not think forward. They had so many memories of quiet evenings and dark nights. I leaned up against a lamppost，” continued Godfather， “and there was a great spluttering in the oil and the wick. I could hear what the lamp said， and you shall hear it， too.

“ 'We've done the best we could，' said the lamp. 'We were good enough for our time， and have lighted up joy and sorrow； we have lived through many wonderful things； you might say we have been the night eyes of Copenhagen. Now let new lights take our place and take over our duties； but how many years they'll shine， and what they will light up， remain to be seen！ Indeed， they shine a little stronger than we old fellows， but that's nothing； when you're molded like a gas chandelier， and have the connections they have， the one pours into the other. They have pipes going in all directions and can get strength from both inside the town and outside it. But each one of us oil lamps shines because of what he has in himself， and not because of any family connections. We and our ancestors have lighted Copenhagen from olden times， from immeasurably long ago. But since this is now the last evening that we'll stand and shine in the second row， so to speak， in the street here along with you， you shining comrades， we won't sulk or be envious⁶. No， far from it； we'll be happy and good-natured. We are the old sentinels， being relieved by new guards in better uniforms than ours. We'll tell you what our family， way back to great-great-great-grandmother lantern， has seen and experienced - the whole history of Copenhagen. May you and your successors， right down to the last gas chandelier， experience and be able to relate such wonderful things as we can， when you get your discharge someday. And you'll get it！

You may be sure of that！ People are certain to find a better light than gas. I've heard a student say that there's a possibility they may someday burn sea water！' When the lamp said these words， the wick spluttered， as if it had water in it already.“

Godfather had listened closely， thought it over， and decided⁷ it was an excellent idea of the old lantern， on this evening of the change from oil to gas， to tell and display the whole history of Copenhagen.

“You mustn't let a good idea slip，” said Godfather. “I took it at once， went home， and made this picture book for you. It goes even farther back in time than the lamps could go. Here's the book， and here's the story！

COPENHAGEN'S LIFE AND TIMES

“It begins in darkness， on a coal-black page - that's the Dark Ages.

“Now let's turn the page，” said Godfather. “Do you see the picture？ Only the wild sea and the swelling⁸ northeast wind， driving heavy ice floes before it. There's no one out sailing on them， only great stone blocks， which rolled down onto the ice from the mountains of Norway. The north wind blows the ice away； he wants to show the German mountains what rocks are found up in the North. The ice floes are already down in the sound， off the coast of Zealand， where Copenhagen now stands； but there was no Copenhagen there then. There were great sandbanks under the water， and the ice floes with the big boulders¹⁰ struck against one of these. Then the whole ice field stuck so fast that the northeast wind couldn't move it again， and so he became as furious as could be and pronounced a curse on the sandbank， the 'Thieves' ground，' as he called it. He swore that if ever it should rise above the surface of the sea， thieves and robbers would live there， and the gallows¹¹ and wheel be raised on it.

“But while he cursed and swore this way， the sun came out， and those bright and gentle spirits， the children of light， swayed an swung in its beams； they danced over the ice floes until they melted， and the great boulders sank to the sandy bottom of the sea.

“ 'Sun scum！' said the northeast wind. 'Is that friendship and kinship？ I'll remember and take revenge for that. Now I pronounce a curse！'

“ 'We pronounce a blessing！' sang the children of light. 'The sandbank will rise， and we shall guard it. Truth， goodness， and beauty shall dwell there！'

“ 'Stuff and nonsense！' said the northeast wind.

“You see， the lantern knew nothing of all this and therefore couldn't tell about it，” said Godfather. “But I know it， and it's very important to the life and times of Copenhagen.

“Now we'll turn the page，” said Godfather. “Years have passed， and the sandbank has lifted itself； a sea gull¹³ has settled on the biggest rock， which has jutted¹⁴ out of water. You can see it in the picture. Years and years have passed.

“The sea cast up dead fish onto the shore. Tough lyme grass sprang up， withered， rotted， and fertilized¹⁶ the soil； many different kinds of grasses and plants followed， until the bank became a green island. There the vikings landed， for there was level ground for fighting and good anchorage beside the island off the coast of Zealand.

“I think the first oil lamp was lit to cook fish over， and there were plenty of fishes here. The herring swam through the sound in great shoals； it was hard to force a boat through them. They glittered in the water as if there were lightning down there， and shone in the depths like the northern lights. The sound had a wealth of fishes； therefore houses were built on the coast of Zealand， with walls of oak and roofs of bark - there were trees enough for that purpose. Ships anchored in the harbor， oil lamps hanging from swaying ropes， and the northeast wind blew and sang， 'O-out！' If a lantern glimmered¹⁷ on the island it was a thieves' lantern， for smugglers and thieves plied¹⁸ their trade on Thieves' Island.

“ 'I believe that all the evil I wished for is coming，' said the northeast wind. 'Soon the tree will come， from which I can shake the fruit.'

“And here is the tree，” said Godfather. “Do you see the gallows on Thieves' Island？ Robbers and murderers hang there in iron chains， exactly as they hung in those days. The wind blew until it rattled¹⁹ the long skeletons， but the moon shone down on them as serenely²⁰ as it now shines on a country dance. The sun also shone down pleasantly， crumbling²¹ away the dangling²² skeletons， and from the sunbeams the children of light sang， 'We know it！ We know it！ Here it shall be beautiful in the days to come； here it shall be good and splendid！'

“ 'Chicken prattle！' said the northeast wind.

“Now we'll turn the page，” said Godfather.

“The bells were ringing in the town of Roskilde， where Bishop²⁴ Absalon lived. He could both read his Bible and wield²⁵ his sword； he had power and will. He wished to protect from assault the busy fishermen at the harbor， whose town had grown until it was now a market town. He sprinkled the unhallowed ground with holy water； thus， Thieves' Island received the mark of honor. Masons and carpenters set to work on it； at the Bishop's command， a building grew up， and the sunbeams kissed the red walls as they rose. There stood the house of Axel：

The castle， with its towers， so stately and high，

Had balconies and stairs up to the sky

Booo！ Whooo！

The northeast wind huffed and puffed，

But the castle stood unyielding， unruffed.“And outside it lay 'The Haven，' the merchants' harbor：

Mermaid²⁸'s bower²⁹ amid seas of sheen，

Built beside groves³⁰ of green.“The foreigners came there and bought the wealth of fish， and built shops and houses with bladders for windowpanes， as glass was too expensive. Warehouses³² followed， with gables and windlasses. See the old fellows sitting there in the shops - they dare not marry； they trade in ginger³⁴ and pepper， the pebersvende.

“The northeast wind whistled through the streets and lanes， sending the dust flying and tearing off a thatched roof. Cows and pigs wandered about in the street ditch.

“ 'I shall tame and subdue³⁵ them！' said the northeast wind. 'I'll whistle around the houses and around Axel's house！ I can't fail！ They call it Gallows' Castle on Thieves' Island.'”

Then Godfather showed a picture of it， which he himself had drawn³⁶. On the wall were rows of stakes， and on every stake was the head of a captured pirate showing its teeth.

“That really happened，” said Godfather. “And it's worth hearing and worth knowing about.

“Bishop Absalon was in his bath， and through the thin walls he heard the arrival of a ship of freebooters. He instantly sprang out of the bath and into his ship， blew his horn， and his crew assembled. The arrows shot into the backs of the robbers as they rowed desperately³⁷ to escape. The arrows pierced into their hands， and there was no time to pull them out. Bishop Absalon caught everyone and cut their heads off， and every head was set up on the outer wall of the castle. The northeast wind blew with puffed²⁶-out cheeks - with bad weather in his jaw， as the sailors say.

“ 'I'll stretch myself，' said the wind. 'Here I'll lie down and look the whole matter over.'

“It rested for hours， then blew for days. Years went past.

“The watchman appeared on the castle tower； he looked to the east， the west， the north， and the south. You can see it there in the picture，” said Godfather， pointing it out. “You can see him there， but I'll tell you what he saw.

“There is open water from the wall of Stejleborg right out to Kj？ge Bay， and a broad channel over to the coast of Zealand. In front of Serritslev and Solberg Meadows， with their large villages， the new town， with its gabled timber houses， is growing up more and more. There are entire streets for shoemakers and tailors， for grocers and beer sellers； there is a market place and there is a guildhall， and near the shore， where there was once an island， stands the splendid Church of St. Nicolaus. It has an immensely high tower and spire； how it is reflected in the clear water！ Near this is Our Lady's Church， where Masses are sung， where incense⁴⁰ gives out its fragrance⁴¹ and wax candles burn. The 'merchants' haven²⁷' is now the Bishop's town； the Bishop of Roskilde rules and reigns⁴² there.

“Bishop Erlandsen sits in Axel's house. There is good cooking in the kitchen； ale and claret are served to the sound of fiddles⁴³ and kettledrums. Burning candles and lamps make the castle shine as if it were a lantern for the whole country and kingdom. The northeast wind whistles around the tower and walls， but they stand firmly. The northeast wind swoops⁴⁴ around the western fortification of the town - only an old wooden fence - but it holds up well. Christopher I， King of Denmark， stands outside it； the rebels have beaten him at Skelsk？r， so he seeks shelter in the Bishop's town.

“The wind whistles， and says， like the Bishop， 'Keep out！ Keep out！ The gate is shut to you！'

“It is a time of trouble， dismal⁴⁵ days， when every man is his own master. The Holstein banner waves from the castle tower. There is want and woe， for it is the night of anguish⁴⁷. War and the black death stalk the land in the pitch-dark night - but then comes Valdemar Atterdag. Now the Bishop's town is the King's town. It has gabled houses and narrow streets， watchmen and a town hall， and a permanent gallows by the west port. No man from out of town can be hanged on it； you must be a citizen to be allowed to dangle⁴⁸ there， to get so high as to see Kj？ge and the hens of Kj？ge.

“ 'That's a lovely gallows，' says the northeast wind. 'The beautiful is growing！' And it whistles and whoops⁴⁹.

“And from Germany blew trouble and want.

“The Hanseatic merchants came，” continued Godfather， “from warehouse³³ and counter， the rich traders of Rostock， Lübeck， and Bremen. They wanted to seize more than the golden goose from Valdemar's Tower； they had more power in the town of the Danish King than the Danish King himself. They came in armed ships， and no one was prepared. And King Eric had no desire to fight with his German kinsfolk； they were too many and too strong. So King Eric and all his courtiers escaped through the west port to the town of Sor？， to the quiet lake and green forests， to the song of love and the clang of goblets⁵⁰.

“But there was one left behind in Copenhagen， a kingly heart and a kingly mind. Do you see this picture here， this young woman， so fine and tender， with sea-blue eyes and yellow hair？ It is the Queen of Denmark， Philippa， the English princess. She stayed in the distracted city， where the townspeople swarmed⁵¹ in panic in the narrow lanes and streets with steep stairs， sheds， and shops of lath and plaster. With the courage of a man， she summoned townspeople and peasants， to inspire and encourage them. They fitted out the ships and garrisoned⁵² the blockhouses； they fired with their carbines； there were fire and smoke and lightness of spirit - our Lord will never forsake⁵³ Denmark！ The sun shone into all hearts， and in all eyes was the bright gladness of victory. Blessed be Philippa！ Blessed she was in hut and in house； and blessed she was in the King's castle， where she nursed the wounded and the sick. I have clipped a wreath and laid it around this picture，” said Godfather. “Blessed be Queen Philippa！”

“Now we spring forward for years，” said Godfather， “and Copenhagen springs with us. King Christian⁵⁴ I has been to Rome to receive the Pope's blessing¹² and has been greeted with honor and homage⁵⁵ on the long journey. Here at home he is building a hall of red brick； there shall be learning there， displaying itself in Latin. The poor man's children， from plow⁵⁶ and workshop， can also come there， to live upon alms， to attain⁵⁷ the long black gown， and sing before the doors of citizens.

“Near the hall of learning， where everything is in Latin， is a little house where Danish rules， in language and in customs. There is beer soup for early breakfast， and dinner is at ten o'clock in the morning. The sun shines through small panes³¹ onto cupboards and bookcases； on the shelves are written treasures - Master Mikkel's Rosary and Godly Comedies， Henrik Harpestreng's Leech-book， and Denmark's Rhyming Chronicle by Brother Niels of Sor？。 'Every Danish man should know these，' says the master of the house， and he is the one to make them known. He is the Dutchman， Gotfred van Gehmen， Denmark's first printer， who practices the divine black art of printing.

“ And the books enter the castle of the King and the houses of the citizens. Proverbs and songs are given immortality⁵⁹. Things that men dare not say either in sorrow or in joy are sung by the Bird of Folklore， allegorically and yet clearly. For it flies free and wide through the common man's room and the knightly⁶¹ castle； it sits and twitters like a falcon⁶² on the hand of the noble lady； it steals in like a tiny mouse and squeaks⁶³ in the dungeon⁶⁴ of the enslaved peasant.

“ 'Merely words - all of it！' says the sharp northeast wind.

“ 'It's the spring！' say the sunbeams. 'See how the green buds are peeping out！'

“Now we'll turn more pages in our picture book，” said Godfather.

“How radiant Copenhagen is！ There are tournaments and sports and splendid processions！ Look at the gallant⁶⁵ knights⁶⁶ in armor and the noble ladies in silk and gold！ King Hans gives his daughter， Elizabeth， to the Elector of Brandenburg. How young she is， and how happy she is！ She is treading on velvet； there is a whole future in her thoughts - a future of domestic happiness. Close beside her is her royal brother， Prince Christian， with the melancholy⁶⁹ eyes and the hot， passionate⁷⁰ blood. He is beloved by the commoners， for he knows their burdens； in his thoughts he has the poor man's future. God alone decides our fate！

“Now we'll turn another leaf in the picture book，” said Godfather. “The wind blows sharply and sings of the sharp sword and this difficult time of trouble.

“It is an icy-cold day in mid-April. Why is the crowd gathering⁷¹ outside the castle and before the old customhouse， where the King's ship lies with its sails and banners？ People are crowded in the windows and on the roofs. There are sorrow and trouble， expectation and anxiety. They look toward the castle， now so still and empty， but where formerly⁷² there were torch dances in the gilded⁷³ halls； they look at the balcony from which King Christian so often gazed out over the 'court bridge' and down the narrow court-bridge street to his dovelet， the little Dutch girl he brought from the town of Bergen. The shutters⁷⁴ are bolted. As the crowd gazed toward the castle， the gate is opened and the drawbridge is let down. There comes King Christian with his faithful wife， Elizabeth； she will not forsake her royal lord， now when he is so hard pressed.

“There is fire in his blood and fire in his thoughts； he has wished to break with the olden times， to strike off the peasants' yoke， to do good to the commoners， to clip the wings of the 'greedy hawks，' but they have been too much for him. He leaves his country and his kingdom， to win allies and friends for himself abroad. His wife and loyal men go with him. Every eye is moist in this hour of parting.

“Voices are blended in the song of time， against him and for him a three-part choir⁷⁶.

“Listen to the words of the nobles； they are written and printed： 'Woe⁴⁶ to you， Christian the Wicked！ The blood that poured out in the market place of Stockholm cries aloud and curses you！'

“And the monks⁷⁷' cry echoes the same refrain： 'Be you cast off by God and by us！ You have called hither the Lutheran doctrine； you have given it church and pulpit and bid the tongue of the Devil speak out！ Woe to you， Christian the Wicked！'

“But the peasants and commoners weep： 'Christian， beloved of the people！ No longer may the peasant be sold like cattle or exchanged for a hunting hound！ That law shall bear you witness！' But the words of the poor man are only chaff⁷⁹ before the wind.

“Now the ship sails past the castle， and the commoners line the ramparts， so that they may once more see the royal galley⁸⁰ sail.

“ 'The time is long； the time is hard. Trust neither in friends nor in kinsmen！'

“Uncle Frederick in the Castle of Kiel would like to be King of Denmark. King Frederick is before Copenhagen. See the picture here - 'The Faithful Copenhagen.' Coal-black clouds are around it - in picture after picture； just look at each of them！ It is all a resounding⁸³ picture； it resounds⁸⁴ still in song and story - those heavy， hard， and bitter times during the long procession of years.

“How did it go with that wandering bird， King Christian？ The birds have sung about it， and they fly far over distant lands and seas.

“Early in the spring the stork⁸⁵ came from the south， across the land of Germany； it had seen what I will tell you now.

“ 'I saw the fugitive⁸⁶ King Christian crossing a heather - grown moor； he met a wretched cart drawn by only one horse. A woman sat in it， his sister， the Countess of Brandenburg. Faithful to the Lutheran religion， she had been exiled by her husband. And so on that dark heath the exiled children of a king met. The time is hard； the time is long. Trust neither friend nor kinsman！'

“The swallow came from S？nderborg Castle with a sad song， 'King Christian is betrayed！ He sits in the dungeon tower， deep as a well； his heavy steps wear tracks in the stone floor， and his fingers leave their marks in the hard marble.'

Oh， what sorrow ever found such vent⁸⁹

As that in the furrows⁹⁰ of the stone？“The fish eagle has come from the tossing sea， which is open and free. A ship flies over it， bearing the brave S？ren Norby from Fyn. Fortune is with him - but fortune is as changeable as wind and weather.

“In Jutland and Fyn the crows and ravens⁹² scream， 'We seek spoil！ It is grand！ Caw， caw！ Here lie the bodies of horses and of men， too！' It is a time of trouble； it is during the Count of Oldenburg's war. The peasant raises his club and the townsman his knife， and loudly they shout， 'We shall slay⁹³ the wolves and leave no cub⁹⁴ of them alive！' Clouds of smoke roll up from the burning towns.

“King Christian is a prisoner in S？nderborg Castle； he cannot escape or see the bitter distress⁹⁵ of Copenhagen. On the North Common stands Christian III， where his father stood before him. Despair is in the city， and plague， and famine.

“A ragged， emaciated⁹⁷ woman sits reclined against the church wall. She is a corpse； two living children lie on her lap and can suck only blood from the dead breast.

“Courage has collapsed； resistance collapses¹⁰⁰. Oh， you faithful Copenhagen！

“Fanfares¹⁰¹ are blown， hear the drums and trumpets！ In rich garments of silk and velvet， with nodding plumes， the noble lords come on horses adorned¹⁰⁴ with gold， riding to Old Market Square. Is there a customary festivity or tournament？ Commoners and peasants in holiday attire¹⁰⁵ flock in that direction. What is there to see？ Is there a bonfire to burn popish images？ Or is the hangman standing¹⁰⁶ there， as he stood at the death fire of Slaghoek？ The King， ruler of all the land， is a Lutheran， and this shall now be proclaimed with solemnity.

“Noble ladies and highborn maidens， with high collars and caps of pearls， sit behind the open windows and see all the splendor¹⁰⁸. Beneath a canopy¹⁰⁹ near the King's throne， the councilors of state sit in antique dress on an outspread carpet. The King is silent， but his will， the will of the council of state， is proclaimed in the Danish tongue. Commoners and peasants are sternly rebuked¹¹⁰ for the opposition¹¹¹ they have shown to the nobility. The commoner is humbled， and the peasant becomes a slave. Now condemning¹¹³ words are uttered against the bishops¹¹⁴ of the land. Their power is gone， and all the property of the church and cloisters¹¹⁵ is transferred to the King and the nobles.

“Pride and hatred¹¹⁶ are there， and pomp and misery， too.

The poor bird comes limping， drooping，

Comes stooping.

The rich bird comes huffing，

Comes puffing¹¹⁹.“The time of change brings heavy clouds， but sunshine， too； it then shines in the halls of learning and in the student's home. And names shine from it on down to our own days. There is Hans Tousen， the son of a poor smith of Fyn：

This was the little lad who came from Birkende town；

His name flew over Denmark； widely spread his renown¹²⁰.

A Danish Martin Luther， he drew the Gospel sword，

And gained a mighty¹²¹ victory for truth and for the Lord.“There is also the immortal⁵⁸ name of Petrus Palladius； that is the Latin， but in Danish it is Peter Plade， Bishop of Roskilde， also the son of a poor smith of Jutland. And among noblemen shines the name of Hans Friis， Chancellor¹²² of the kingdom. He would seat the students at his own table and see to their wants and those of the schoolboys as well. But one name above all others is greeted with cheers and song.

So long as there's a student to be found

Near Axel's Haven， at work or play，

Will King Christian's name loudly resound⁸²

And with hurrahs be greeted every day！“Yes， there were sunbeams between the heavy clouds in the time of change.

“Now we turn the page.

“What is it that whistles and sings in the Great Belt under the coast of Sams？？ A mermaid， with sea-green hair， rises from the sea； she reveals the future to the peasant. A prince shall be born who shall become a great and powerful king.”

“He was born in the field， beneath the blossoming whitethorn. His name now lives in song and story， in the knightly halls and castles everywhere. The stock exchange came forth¹²³ with tower and spire； Rosenborg Castle rose up and gazed far out over the ramparts； the students got their own house. And close by， where it still points to heaven， stood 'the Round Tower，' facing toward the island of Hveen， where Uranienborg once stood. Its golden domes⁶⁸ glittered in the moonlight， and the mermaids¹²⁴ sang of the man who lived there， whom kings and sages¹²⁶ visited， the master sage¹²⁵ of noble blood - Tycho Brahe. He raised the name of Denmark so high that it was known with the stars of heaven in all the cultured lands of the earth. And Denmark turned him away.

“In his sorrow he sang for comfort：

Is not heaven everywhere？

What more do I require？“His song lives in the hearts of the people， like the mermaid's song about Christian IV.

“Now comes a page that you must look at carefully，” said Godfather.

“There is picture after picture here， just as there is verse after verse in the old ballads¹²⁸. It is a song， so happy in its beginning， so sorrowful at its close.

“A king's child is dancing in the castle of the King. How lovely she is to look at！ She is sitting on the lap of Christian IV - his beloved daughter， Eleonore. She grows in all the virtues¹²⁹ and graces of a woman. The foremost among the nobles， Corfits Ulfeldt， is her betrothed¹³⁰. She is still only a child and is beaten by her stern governess； she complains of this to her sweetheart， and rightly， too. How clever and cultured and learned she is！ She can speak Latin and Greek， sing in Italian to her lute， and talk about the Pope and Martin Luther.

“Now King Christian lies in the vault¹³² in Roskilde Cathedral， and Eleonore's brother is King. In the palace at Copenhagen there are pomp and show； there are beauty and wit - and foremost is the Queen herself， Sophie Amalie of Lyneborg. Who can guide her horse as cleverly as she？ Who dances with such grace？ Who can talk with such wisdom and wit as the Queen of Denmark？

“ 'Eleonore Christine Ulfeldt！' These are the words of the French Ambassador. 'She surpasses all in beauty and wit！'

“Up from the polished floor of the palace ballroom¹³³ has grown the burdock of envy； it has clung there， worked itself in， and twisted around - contempt and scorn. 'That illegitimate creature！ Her carriage shall stop at the bridge of the castle！ Where the Queen drives， the commoner shall walk！' There is a storm of gossip， of lies and slander¹³⁴.

“Then Ulfeldt takes his wife by the hand in the still of the night. He has the keys to the town gates； he opens one of them， and horses wait outside. They ride to the shore and sail to Sweden.

“Now let's turn the page， just as fortune turned itself for those two.

“It is autumn. The days are short and the nights are long； it is gray and damp. The cold wind rises in its strength， and it whistles through the leaves of the trees on the ramparts. The leaves drop into Peter Oxe's courtyard， empty and forsaken¹³⁵ of its owners. The wind sweeps over Christianshavn， around the mansion¹³⁶ of Kai Lykke， which now is a penitentiary¹³⁷. He himself has been driven from home and honor； his escutcheon is smashed and his effigy¹³⁸ hung on the highest gallows. Thus is he punished for his thoughtless， frivolous¹³⁹ words about the powerful Queen of Denmark. The wind pipes loudly as it rushes over the open space where the mansion of the Lord High Steward¹⁴⁰ once stood. Only one stone of it is now left， 'And that I drove down here as a boulder⁹ on the floating ice，' shrieks¹⁴¹ the wind. 'That stone stranded¹⁴³ where since has grown Thieves' Island， under my curse， and so it became a part of the mansion of Lord Ulfeldt， where his lady sang to the sounding lute， and read Greek and Latin， and bore herself proudly. Now only the stone is here with its inscription：

The traitor¹⁴⁴ Corfits Ulfeldt

In eternal scorn， shame， and disgrace.“ 'But where is the stately lady now？ Whoo-ee-oo！' blows the wind with a piercing shriek¹⁴².

“For many years she has been shut up in the Blue Tower， behind the palace， where the sea water beats against the slimy walls. There is more smoke than warmth in the cell； its tiny window is high up under the ceiling. In what discomfort¹⁴⁵ and misery¹¹⁷ sits the adored child of Christian IV， the daintiest of maids and matrons！ Memory hangs curtains and tapestries¹⁴⁶ on the smoke-blackened walls of her prison. She recalls the lovely days of her childhood， her father's gentle， beaming face； she recalls her splendid wedding， her days of pride， but also her days of misery in Holland， England， and Bornholm.

Nothing seems too hard for wedded¹⁴⁷ love to bear，

And loyalty¹⁴⁸ is not cause for shame or care.“But he was with her in those days； now she is alone， alone forever. She does not know his grave； no one knows it.

Faithfulness to her husband was her only crime.“For long and many years she sat there， while life went on outside. Life never pauses， but we will for a moment here， and think of her and the words of the song.

I keep my promise to my husband still，

In want and dire⁵ need， and always will.“Now do you see this picture here？” said Godfather. “It's winter， and the frost has thrown a bridge of ice between Laaland and Fyn， a bridge for Carl Gustav， who pushes on unchecked. There are plundering¹⁴⁹ and burning， fear and want， throughout the whole land.

“Now the Swedes are encamped before Copenhagen. It is bitterly cold and the snow is blinding， but， true to their king and themselves， men and women stand ready to fight. Every tradesman， shopman， student， and schoolmaster is on the ramparts， ready to guard and defend， with no fear of the red-hot cannon¹⁵⁰ balls. King Frederick has sworn he will die in his nest. There he rides to and fro， and the Queen is with him， and courage， patriotism， and discipline are there. Let the Swede don his white shroud¹⁵² and crawl forward in the white snow and try to storm the walls！ Beams and stones are hurled¹⁵³ down on him； even women come with steaming caldrons and pour boiling pitch and tar¹²⁷ onto the storming enemy.

“That night King and peasant are one united power. Then there is relief， and there is victory. Church bells ring， and songs of thanksgiving resound. Commoners， on this spot you won your knightly spurs！

“What comes next？ Look at this picture. Bishop Svane's wife drives in a closed carriage， which only the high and mighty nobility dare do. The proud young men stop the carriage； the bishop's wife must walk to the bishop's house.

“Is that the whole story？ Something much greater is stopped next - the power of pride.

“Burgomaster Hans Nansen and Bishop Svane clasp hands to work in the name of the Lord. Their wise and honest talk is heard in the church and the house of the commoner. One handclasp of fellowship， and the harbor is blocked， the gates are locked， and the alarm bell rings.

“Power is granted to the King alone， who remains¹⁵⁴ in his nest in the hour of peril； he governs， and rules over great and small. It is the time of absolute monarchy¹⁵⁶.

“Now let's turn the page， and time with it.

“ 'Halloo， halloo， halloo！' The plow stands idle， and the heather grows wild， but the hunting is good. 'Halloo， halloo！' Listen to the sounding horn and the baying hounds！ See the huntsmen， and look at the young and gay King himself， Christian V！ There is merrymaking in palace and in town. In the halls are waxlights， in the courtyards torches， and in the streets of the town are new lamps. Everything is so new！ Favors and gifts go to the barons¹⁵⁷ and counts of the new nobility， brought in from Germany. Nothing is accepted now except titles and rank and the German language.

“But then there sounds a voice that is truly Danish， the voice of the weaver's son， who is now a bishop； it is the voice of Kingo， singing his beautiful psalms¹⁵⁸.

“There is another commoner's son， this time the son of a vintner， whose thoughts shine forth in law and justice. His book of laws has become gold-ground for the King's name， and will stand for ages to come. That commoner's son， the greatest man in the land， receives a coat of arms - and enemies as well， so that the sword of the executioner is raised over the head of Griffenfeld.

“But mercy is granted， with life imprisonment， and he is banished¹⁶⁰ to a rocky islet off the coast of Trondhjem.

Munkholm - Denmark's St. Helena“But the dance continues merrily in the palace hall； there are splendor and pomp there， and courtiers and ladies dance to lively music.

“Now these are the times of Frederick IV！

“See the proud ships with their flags of victory！ See the tossing sea！ It can tell of great deeds for the glory of Denmark. We remember the victorious¹⁶¹ Sehested and Gyldenl？ve！ We remember Hvitfeldt， who blew up his ship to save the Danish fleet， and flew to heaven with Dannebrog. We think of the struggles of those ages， and of the hero who sprang to the defense¹⁶² of Denmark from the mountains of Norway - Peder Tordenskjold.

Across the surging sea his name thunders from country to country.

Lightning flashed through the powder dust；

A thunderbolt roared through the whispering age.

A tailor's boy jumped down from the tailor's table；

From Norway's coast he sailed a little sloop¹⁶³.

And over Northern seas there flew again

The viking spirit， youthful， and clad in steel.“Then a fresh breeze blew from the coast of Greenland， bringing a gentle fragrance， as if from the land of Bethlehem； it brought tidings of the Gospel light kindled¹⁶⁴ by Hans Egede and his wife.

“So this half page has a golden ground； but the other half， which means sorrow， is ashen¹⁶⁵ gray with black specks， as from fire and disease and pestilence¹⁶⁷.

“The plague is raging in Copenhagen. The streets are empty. The doors are barred， and where crosses are chalked on them the plague is inside， but where the cross is black all within are dead.

“The bodies are carried away by night， with no tolling¹⁶⁸ bell； the half dead in the streets are taken with them. Funeral wagons¹⁶⁹ rumble， piled with corpses¹⁷¹. But from the taverns¹⁷² sound the horrid¹⁷³ songs and wild shrieks of the drunkards. They try to forget their bitter in drink； they want to forget， and end - end！ Yes， everything comes to an end. The page ends here， with the second time of distress and trial for Copenhagen.

“King Frederick IV is still alive. The course of the years has turned his hair gray. From the window of his palace he looks out on the stormy weather of late winter.

“In a little house near the Westgate a boy is playing with his ball； it bounces up into the loft¹⁷⁴. The child takes a candle and goes up to seek it， but he sets fire to the little house - to the whole street. The fire leaps into the air so that the clouds themselves reflect it！ See how the flames grow higher！ There is food for the fire - hay and straw， bacon and tar， piles of firewood for winter - and it all burns. There is weeping， shrieking； there is great panic. The old King rides through the tumult， commanding and encouraging. There is blowing up with gunpowder， and the tearing down of houses. Now the fire has swept into the north quarter， and the churches are burning， St. Peter's and Our Lady's. Listen to the bells playing their last tune， 'Turn from Us Thy Wrath， O Lord God of Mercy！'

“Only the 'Round Tower' and the castle are left standing， with smoking ruins about them. King Frederick is kind to the people； he is a friend to the homeless； he comforts and feeds them and is with them constantly. Blessed be Frederick IV！

“Now look at this page！

“See that gilded carriage with footmen around it and armed riders before and behind it， coming from the castle， where an iron chain is stretched to keep the people from coming too near！ Every common man must cross the square with bare head； and therefore few are seen there； they avoid the place. There comes one now， with downcast eyes， and with hat in hand， and he is the one man of that time whom we can name with pride：

His voice like a cleansing¹⁷⁹ storm wind rang.

To sunshine in the days which yet were to come！

Then smuggled-in tunes¹⁸⁰ like grasshoppers¹⁸¹ sprang

In haste to return to where they were from.“Witty¹⁸² and humorous - that is Ludvig Holberg. The Danish stage， the castle of his greatness， has been closed as if it were the dwelling¹⁸³ place of shame. All merriment is banished； dance， song， and music are forbidden and gone. For the dark side of religion is now in power.

“ 'The Danish prince！' his mother used to call him. Now come his days of sunshine， with the song of birds， with gladness and true Danish gaiety. Frederick V is King， and the chain is taken from the square beside the castle； the Danish theater is reopened； there are laughter and pleasure and good cheer. And the peasants again hold their summer festivals， for it is a time of joy after the time of fast and oppression. The beautiful lives again， blossoming and bearing fruit in sound， color， and creative art. Listen to Grétry's music！ Watch Londemann's acting！ And Denmark's Queen loves all that is Danish. God in His heaven bless you， beautiful and gentle Louise of England！ The sunbeams sing in spirited chorus about the queens of Denmark - Philippa， Elizabeth， Louise！

“The earthly shells have long been buried， but the souls live， and the names live. England again sends a royal bride， Matilde， so young and so soon forsaken！ In days to come poets will sing of your youthful heart and your hours of trail！ And song has an indescribable power through all times and all peoples. See the burning of the castle of King Christian！ They try to save the best they can find. Look at the men from the dockyard dragging away a basket of silverware and precious things - a great treasure！ But suddenly through an open door， where the flames are brightest， they see a bronze bust¹⁸⁵ of King Christian IV. Then they cast aside the treasure they are rescuing； his image means so much more to them that it must be saved， regardless of how heavy it may be to carry. They know him from the song of Ewald and the beautiful melody of Hartmann.

“Indeed， there is power in words and song， and someday it shall